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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="zh">
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<head><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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<title>std::initializer_list</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="ext.css" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="site_modules.css" />
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</head>
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<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-cpp_utility_initializer_list skin-cppreference2 action-view cpp-navbar">
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<div id="cpp-content-base">
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<div id="content"><a id="top"></a>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="font-size:0.7em; line-height:130%">std::</span>initializer_list</h1>
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<div id="bodyContent">
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<div id="contentSub"><span class="subpages">< <a href="cpp.html">cpp</a>‎ | <a href="cpp-utility.html">utility</a></span></div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" xml:lang="zh">
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<p>（勿与<a href="cpp-language-initializer_list.html" class="mw-redirect">成员初始化器列表</a>混淆）</p>
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<table class="t-dcl-begin">
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<tbody>
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<tr class="t-dsc-header">
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<td>
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<div>定义于头文件 <code><a href="cpp-header-initializer_list.html"><initializer_list></a></code></div>
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</td>
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<td></td>
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<td></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dcl t-since-cxx11">
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<td>
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<div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span> <span class="kw1">class</span> T <span class="sy1">></span><br />
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<span class="kw1">class</span> initializer_list<span class="sy4">;</span></span></div>
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</td>
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<td class="t-dcl-nopad"></td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dcl-sep">
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<td></td>
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<td></td>
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<td></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p><code>std::initializer_list<T></code> 类型对象是一个访问 <code>const T</code> 类型对象数组的轻量代理对象。</p>
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<p><code>std::initializer_list</code> 对象在这些时候自动构造：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>用<i>花括号初始化器列表</i><a href="cpp-language-list_initialization.html">列表初始化</a>一个对象，其中对应构造函数接受一个 <code>std::initializer_list</code> 参数</li>
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<li>以<i>花括号初始化器列表</i>为<a href="cpp-language-operator_assignment.html#.E5.86.85.E5.BB.BA.E7.9A.84.E7.9B.B4.E6.8E.A5.E8.B5.8B.E5.80.BC">赋值</a>的右运算数，或<a href="cpp-language-overload_resolution.html#.E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8.E5.88.9D.E5.A7.8B.E5.8C.96.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E9.9A.90.E5.BC.8F.E8.BD.AC.E6.8D.A2.E5.BA.8F.E5.88.97">函数调用参数</a>，而对应的赋值运算符/函数接受 <code>std::initializer_list</code> 参数</li>
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<li>绑定<i>花括号初始化器列表</i>到 <a href="cpp-language-auto.html"><tt>auto</tt></a> ，包括在<a href="cpp-language-range-for.html">范围 for 循环</a>中</li>
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</ul>
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<p>initializer_list 可由一对指针或指针与其长度实现。复制一个 <code>std::initializer_list</code> 不会复制其底层对象。</p>
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<p>底层数组是 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> T<span class="br0">[</span>N<span class="br0">]</span></span></span> 类型的<a href="cpp-language-implicit_conversion.html#.E4.B8.B4.E6.97.B6.E9.87.8F.E5.AE.9E.E8.B4.A8.E5.8C.96">临时</a>数组，其中每个元素都从原始初始化器列表的对应元素<a href="cpp-language-copy_initialization.html">复制初始化</a>（除非窄化转换非法）。底层数组的生存期与任何其他<a href="cpp-language-lifetime.html#.E4.B8.B4.E6.97.B6.E5.AF.B9.E8.B1.A1.E7.9A.84.E7.94.9F.E5.AD.98.E6.9C.9F">临时对象</a>相同，除了从数组初始化 initializer_list 对象会延长数组的生存期，恰如<a href="cpp-language-reference_initialization.html#.E4.B8.B4.E6.97.B6.E9.87.8F.E7.94.9F.E5.AD.98.E6.9C.9F">绑定引用到临时量</a>（有例外，例如对于初始化非静态类成员）。底层数组可以分配在只读内存。</p>
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<p>若声明了 <code>std::initializer_list</code> 的显式或偏特化则程序为谬构。</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.88.90.E5.91.98.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B">成员类型</span></h3>
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<table class="t-dsc-begin">
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<tr class="t-dsc-hitem">
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<td>成员类型</td>
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<td>定义</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>value_type</code></td>
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<td><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T</span></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>reference</code></td>
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<td><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> T<span class="sy3">&</span></span></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>const_reference</code></td>
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<td><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> T<span class="sy3">&</span></span></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>size_type</code></td>
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<td><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="cpp-types-size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a></span></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>iterator</code></td>
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<td><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> T<span class="sy2">*</span></span></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>const_iterator</code></td>
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<td><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> T<span class="sy2">*</span></span></span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.88.90.E5.91.98.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0">成员函数</span></h3>
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<table class="t-dsc-begin">
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div t-dsc-member-nobold-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-utility-initializer_list-initializer_list.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>(构造函数)</span></span></a></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>创建空的 initializer_list<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2">
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<h5><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.AE.B9.E9.87.8F">容量</span></h5>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-utility-initializer_list-size.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>size</span></span></a></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>返回 initializer_list 中的元素数目<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2">
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<h5><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.BF.AD.E4.BB.A3.E5.99.A8">迭代器</span></h5>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-utility-initializer_list-begin.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>begin</span></span></a></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>返回指向首元素的指针<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-utility-initializer_list-end.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>end</span></span></a></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>返回指向末元素后一位置的指针<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E9.9D.9E.E6.88.90.E5.91.98.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0">非成员函数</span></h3>
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<table class="t-dsc-begin">
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-utility-initializer_list-begin2.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>std::begin<span class="t-dsc-small">(std::initializer_list)</span></span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>特化 <span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-iterator-begin.html">std::begin</a></span><br />
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<span class="t-mark">(函数模板)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-utility-initializer_list-end2.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>std::end<span class="t-dsc-small">(std::initializer_list)</span></span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>特化 <span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-iterator-end.html">std::end</a></span><br />
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<span class="t-mark">(函数模板)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2">
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<h5><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.AF.B9_std::initializer_list_.E9.87.8D.E8.BD.BD.E7.9A.84.E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0.E6.A8.A1.E6.9D.BF">对 <code>std::initializer_list</code> 重载的自由函数模板</span></h5>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-iterator-rbegin.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>rbegin</span><span>crbegin</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>返回指向一个容器或数组的逆向迭代器<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(函数模板)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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||||
<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-iterator-rend.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>rend</span><span>crend</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>返回容器或数组的逆向尾迭代器<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(函数模板)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-iterator-empty.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>empty</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>检查容器是否为空<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(函数模板)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-iterator-data.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>data</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>获得指向底层数组的指针<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(函数模板)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.A4.BA.E4.BE.8B">示例</span></h3>
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<div class="t-example">
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<div class="t-example-live-link"></div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="cpp source-cpp">
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<pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
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<span class="co2">#include <vector></span>
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<span class="co2">#include <initializer_list></span>
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<span class="kw1">template</span> <span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw1">class</span> T<span class="sy1">></span>
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<span class="kw1">struct</span> S <span class="br0">{</span>
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<a href="cpp-container-vector.html"><span class="kw1268">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1"><</span>T<span class="sy1">></span> v<span class="sy4">;</span>
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S<span class="br0">(</span>std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">initializer_list</span><span class="sy1"><</span>T<span class="sy1">></span> l<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> v<span class="br0">(</span>l<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
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<a href="cpp-io-cout.html"><span class="kw1757">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"constructed with a "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> l.<span class="me1">size</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"-element list<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span>
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<span class="kw4">void</span> append<span class="br0">(</span>std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">initializer_list</span><span class="sy1"><</span>T<span class="sy1">></span> l<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
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v.<span class="me1">insert</span><span class="br0">(</span>v.<span class="me1">end</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>, l.<span class="me1">begin</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>, l.<span class="me1">end</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span>
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<a href="cpp-utility-pair.html"><span class="kw1095">std::<span class="me2">pair</span></span></a><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">const</span> T<span class="sy2">*</span>, <a href="cpp-types-size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a><span class="sy1">></span> c_arr<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
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<span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="sy3">&</span>v<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">]</span>, v.<span class="me1">size</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 在 return 语句中复制列表初始化</span>
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||||
<span class="co1">// 这不使用 std::initializer_list</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw1">template</span> <span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw1">typename</span> T<span class="sy1">></span>
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||||
<span class="kw4">void</span> templated_fn<span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span>
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||||
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
|
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<span class="br0">{</span>
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S<span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">></span> s <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="nu0">2</span>, <span class="nu0">3</span>, <span class="nu0">4</span>, <span class="nu0">5</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 复制初始化</span>
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||||
s.<span class="me1">append</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">6</span>, <span class="nu0">7</span>, <span class="nu0">8</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 函数调用中的列表初始化</span>
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||||
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||||
<a href="cpp-io-cout.html"><span class="kw1757">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"The vector size is now "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> s.<span class="me1">c_arr</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>.<span class="me1">second</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">" ints:<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
||||
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||||
<span class="kw1">for</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">auto</span> n <span class="sy4">:</span> s.<span class="me1">v</span><span class="br0">)</span>
|
||||
<a href="cpp-io-cout.html"><span class="kw1757">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> n <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">' '</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
||||
<a href="cpp-io-cout.html"><span class="kw1757">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="cpp-io-cout.html"><span class="kw1757">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"Range-for over brace-init-list: <span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="kw1">for</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> x <span class="sy4">:</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="sy2">-</span><span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="nu0">2</span>, <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="co1">// auto 的规则令此带范围 for 工作</span>
|
||||
<a href="cpp-io-cout.html"><span class="kw1757">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> x <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">' '</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
||||
<a href="cpp-io-cout.html"><span class="kw1757">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="kw4">auto</span> al <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">10</span>, <span class="nu0">11</span>, <span class="nu0">12</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// auto 的特殊规则</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="cpp-io-cout.html"><span class="kw1757">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"The list bound to auto has size() = "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> al.<span class="me1">size</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="co1">// templated_fn({1, 2, 3}); // 编译错误！“ {1, 2, 3} ”不是表达式，</span>
|
||||
<span class="co1">// 它无类型，故 T 无法推导</span>
|
||||
templated_fn<span class="sy1"><</span>std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">initializer_list</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">>></span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="nu0">2</span>, <span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK</span>
|
||||
templated_fn<span class="sy1"><</span><a href="cpp-container-vector.html"><span class="kw1268">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">>></span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="nu0">2</span>, <span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 也 OK</span>
|
||||
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>输出：</p>
|
||||
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
||||
<div class="text source-text">
|
||||
<pre class="de1">constructed with a 5-element list
|
||||
The vector size is now 8 ints:
|
||||
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
|
||||
Range-for over brace-init-list:
|
||||
-1 -2 -3
|
||||
The list bound to auto has size() = 3</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.BC.BA.E9.99.B7.E6.8A.A5.E5.91.8A">缺陷报告</span></h3>
|
||||
<p>下列更改行为的缺陷报告追溯地应用于以前出版的 C++ 标准。</p>
|
||||
<table class="dsctable" style="font-size:0.8em">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th>DR</th>
|
||||
<th>应用于</th>
|
||||
<th>出版时的行为</th>
|
||||
<th>正确行为</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue1290">CWG 1290</a></td>
|
||||
<td>C++11</td>
|
||||
<td><code>initializer_list</code> 所引用的底层数组的生存期未正确指定</td>
|
||||
<td>指定为同临时对象</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue1418">CWG 1418</a></td>
|
||||
<td>C++11</td>
|
||||
<td>底层数组的类型缺少 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span></span></span></td>
|
||||
<td>添加 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span></span></span></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/LWG/issue2129">LWG 2129</a></td>
|
||||
<td>C++11</td>
|
||||
<td>允许特化 <code>initializer_list</code> 但不保证能用</td>
|
||||
<td>使之为谬构</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8F.82.E9.98.85">参阅</span></h3>
|
||||
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
|
||||
<tr class="t-dsc">
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
|
||||
<div><a href="cpp-container-span.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>span</span></span></a></div>
|
||||
<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span></span></span></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>对象的连续序列上的无所有权视图<br />
|
||||
<span class="t-mark">(类模板)</span></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="t-dsc">
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
|
||||
<div><a href="cpp-string-basic_string_view.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>basic_string_view</span></span></a></div>
|
||||
<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></span></span></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td>只读的字符串视图<br />
|
||||
<span class="t-mark">(类模板)</span></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="visualClear"></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user