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.. highlight:: c
.. _os:
Operating System Utilities
==========================
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyOS_FSPath(PyObject *path)
Return the file system representation for *path*. If the object is a
:class:`str` or :class:`bytes` object, then its reference count is
incremented. If the object implements the :class:`os.PathLike` interface,
then :meth:`~os.PathLike.__fspath__` is returned as long as it is a
:class:`str` or :class:`bytes` object. Otherwise :exc:`TypeError` is raised
and ``NULL`` is returned.
.. versionadded:: 3.6
.. c:function:: int Py_FdIsInteractive(FILE *fp, const char *filename)
Return true (nonzero) if the standard I/O file *fp* with name *filename* is
deemed interactive. This is the case for files for which ``isatty(fileno(fp))``
is true. If the global flag :c:data:`Py_InteractiveFlag` is true, this function
also returns true if the *filename* pointer is ``NULL`` or if the name is equal to
one of the strings ``'<stdin>'`` or ``'???'``.
.. c:function:: void PyOS_BeforeFork()
Function to prepare some internal state before a process fork. This
should be called before calling :c:func:`fork` or any similar function
that clones the current process.
Only available on systems where :c:func:`fork` is defined.
.. warning::
The C :c:func:`fork` call should only be made from the
:ref:`"main" thread <fork-and-threads>` (of the
:ref:`"main" interpreter <sub-interpreter-support>`). The same is
true for ``PyOS_BeforeFork()``.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. c:function:: void PyOS_AfterFork_Parent()
Function to update some internal state after a process fork. This
should be called from the parent process after calling :c:func:`fork`
or any similar function that clones the current process, regardless
of whether process cloning was successful.
Only available on systems where :c:func:`fork` is defined.
.. warning::
The C :c:func:`fork` call should only be made from the
:ref:`"main" thread <fork-and-threads>` (of the
:ref:`"main" interpreter <sub-interpreter-support>`). The same is
true for ``PyOS_AfterFork_Parent()``.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. c:function:: void PyOS_AfterFork_Child()
Function to update internal interpreter state after a process fork.
This must be called from the child process after calling :c:func:`fork`,
or any similar function that clones the current process, if there is
any chance the process will call back into the Python interpreter.
Only available on systems where :c:func:`fork` is defined.
.. warning::
The C :c:func:`fork` call should only be made from the
:ref:`"main" thread <fork-and-threads>` (of the
:ref:`"main" interpreter <sub-interpreter-support>`). The same is
true for ``PyOS_AfterFork_Child()``.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. seealso::
:func:`os.register_at_fork` allows registering custom Python functions
to be called by :c:func:`PyOS_BeforeFork()`,
:c:func:`PyOS_AfterFork_Parent` and :c:func:`PyOS_AfterFork_Child`.
.. c:function:: void PyOS_AfterFork()
Function to update some internal state after a process fork; this should be
called in the new process if the Python interpreter will continue to be used.
If a new executable is loaded into the new process, this function does not need
to be called.
.. deprecated:: 3.7
This function is superseded by :c:func:`PyOS_AfterFork_Child()`.
.. c:function:: int PyOS_CheckStack()
Return true when the interpreter runs out of stack space. This is a reliable
check, but is only available when :const:`USE_STACKCHECK` is defined (currently
on Windows using the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler). :const:`USE_STACKCHECK`
will be defined automatically; you should never change the definition in your
own code.
.. c:function:: PyOS_sighandler_t PyOS_getsig(int i)
Return the current signal handler for signal *i*. This is a thin wrapper around
either :c:func:`sigaction` or :c:func:`signal`. Do not call those functions
directly! :c:type:`PyOS_sighandler_t` is a typedef alias for :c:type:`void
(\*)(int)`.
.. c:function:: PyOS_sighandler_t PyOS_setsig(int i, PyOS_sighandler_t h)
Set the signal handler for signal *i* to be *h*; return the old signal handler.
This is a thin wrapper around either :c:func:`sigaction` or :c:func:`signal`. Do
not call those functions directly! :c:type:`PyOS_sighandler_t` is a typedef
alias for :c:type:`void (\*)(int)`.
.. c:function:: wchar_t* Py_DecodeLocale(const char* arg, size_t *size)
Decode a byte string from the locale encoding with the :ref:`surrogateescape
error handler <surrogateescape>`: undecodable bytes are decoded as
characters in range U+DC80..U+DCFF. If a byte sequence can be decoded as a
surrogate character, escape the bytes using the surrogateescape error
handler instead of decoding them.
Encoding, highest priority to lowest priority:
* ``UTF-8`` on macOS, Android, and VxWorks;
* ``UTF-8`` on Windows if :c:data:`Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag` is zero;
* ``UTF-8`` if the Python UTF-8 mode is enabled;
* ``ASCII`` if the ``LC_CTYPE`` locale is ``"C"``,
``nl_langinfo(CODESET)`` returns the ``ASCII`` encoding (or an alias),
and :c:func:`mbstowcs` and :c:func:`wcstombs` functions uses the
``ISO-8859-1`` encoding.
* the current locale encoding.
Return a pointer to a newly allocated wide character string, use
:c:func:`PyMem_RawFree` to free the memory. If size is not ``NULL``, write
the number of wide characters excluding the null character into ``*size``
Return ``NULL`` on decoding error or memory allocation error. If *size* is
not ``NULL``, ``*size`` is set to ``(size_t)-1`` on memory error or set to
``(size_t)-2`` on decoding error.
Decoding errors should never happen, unless there is a bug in the C
library.
Use the :c:func:`Py_EncodeLocale` function to encode the character string
back to a byte string.
.. seealso::
The :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize` and
:c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize` functions.
.. versionadded:: 3.5
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
The function now uses the UTF-8 encoding in the UTF-8 mode.
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
The function now uses the UTF-8 encoding on Windows if
:c:data:`Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag` is zero;
.. c:function:: char* Py_EncodeLocale(const wchar_t *text, size_t *error_pos)
Encode a wide character string to the locale encoding with the
:ref:`surrogateescape error handler <surrogateescape>`: surrogate characters
in the range U+DC80..U+DCFF are converted to bytes 0x80..0xFF.
Encoding, highest priority to lowest priority:
* ``UTF-8`` on macOS, Android, and VxWorks;
* ``UTF-8`` on Windows if :c:data:`Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag` is zero;
* ``UTF-8`` if the Python UTF-8 mode is enabled;
* ``ASCII`` if the ``LC_CTYPE`` locale is ``"C"``,
``nl_langinfo(CODESET)`` returns the ``ASCII`` encoding (or an alias),
and :c:func:`mbstowcs` and :c:func:`wcstombs` functions uses the
``ISO-8859-1`` encoding.
* the current locale encoding.
The function uses the UTF-8 encoding in the Python UTF-8 mode.
Return a pointer to a newly allocated byte string, use :c:func:`PyMem_Free`
to free the memory. Return ``NULL`` on encoding error or memory allocation
error
If error_pos is not ``NULL``, ``*error_pos`` is set to ``(size_t)-1`` on
success, or set to the index of the invalid character on encoding error.
Use the :c:func:`Py_DecodeLocale` function to decode the bytes string back
to a wide character string.
.. seealso::
The :c:func:`PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault` and
:c:func:`PyUnicode_EncodeLocale` functions.
.. versionadded:: 3.5
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
The function now uses the UTF-8 encoding in the UTF-8 mode.
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
The function now uses the UTF-8 encoding on Windows if
:c:data:`Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag` is zero;
.. _systemfunctions:
System Functions
================
These are utility functions that make functionality from the :mod:`sys` module
accessible to C code. They all work with the current interpreter thread's
:mod:`sys` module's dict, which is contained in the internal thread state structure.
.. c:function:: PyObject *PySys_GetObject(const char *name)
Return the object *name* from the :mod:`sys` module or ``NULL`` if it does
not exist, without setting an exception.
.. c:function:: int PySys_SetObject(const char *name, PyObject *v)
Set *name* in the :mod:`sys` module to *v* unless *v* is ``NULL``, in which
case *name* is deleted from the sys module. Returns ``0`` on success, ``-1``
on error.
.. c:function:: void PySys_ResetWarnOptions()
Reset :data:`sys.warnoptions` to an empty list. This function may be
called prior to :c:func:`Py_Initialize`.
.. c:function:: void PySys_AddWarnOption(const wchar_t *s)
Append *s* to :data:`sys.warnoptions`. This function must be called prior
to :c:func:`Py_Initialize` in order to affect the warnings filter list.
.. c:function:: void PySys_AddWarnOptionUnicode(PyObject *unicode)
Append *unicode* to :data:`sys.warnoptions`.
Note: this function is not currently usable from outside the CPython
implementation, as it must be called prior to the implicit import of
:mod:`warnings` in :c:func:`Py_Initialize` to be effective, but can't be
called until enough of the runtime has been initialized to permit the
creation of Unicode objects.
.. c:function:: void PySys_SetPath(const wchar_t *path)
Set :data:`sys.path` to a list object of paths found in *path* which should
be a list of paths separated with the platform's search path delimiter
(``:`` on Unix, ``;`` on Windows).
.. c:function:: void PySys_WriteStdout(const char *format, ...)
Write the output string described by *format* to :data:`sys.stdout`. No
exceptions are raised, even if truncation occurs (see below).
*format* should limit the total size of the formatted output string to
1000 bytes or less -- after 1000 bytes, the output string is truncated.
In particular, this means that no unrestricted "%s" formats should occur;
these should be limited using "%.<N>s" where <N> is a decimal number
calculated so that <N> plus the maximum size of other formatted text does not
exceed 1000 bytes. Also watch out for "%f", which can print hundreds of
digits for very large numbers.
If a problem occurs, or :data:`sys.stdout` is unset, the formatted message
is written to the real (C level) *stdout*.
.. c:function:: void PySys_WriteStderr(const char *format, ...)
As :c:func:`PySys_WriteStdout`, but write to :data:`sys.stderr` or *stderr*
instead.
.. c:function:: void PySys_FormatStdout(const char *format, ...)
Function similar to PySys_WriteStdout() but format the message using
:c:func:`PyUnicode_FromFormatV` and don't truncate the message to an
arbitrary length.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
.. c:function:: void PySys_FormatStderr(const char *format, ...)
As :c:func:`PySys_FormatStdout`, but write to :data:`sys.stderr` or *stderr*
instead.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
.. c:function:: void PySys_AddXOption(const wchar_t *s)
Parse *s* as a set of :option:`-X` options and add them to the current
options mapping as returned by :c:func:`PySys_GetXOptions`. This function
may be called prior to :c:func:`Py_Initialize`.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
.. c:function:: PyObject *PySys_GetXOptions()
Return the current dictionary of :option:`-X` options, similarly to
:data:`sys._xoptions`. On error, ``NULL`` is returned and an exception is
set.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
.. c:function:: int PySys_Audit(const char *event, const char *format, ...)
Raise an auditing event with any active hooks. Return zero for success
and non-zero with an exception set on failure.
If any hooks have been added, *format* and other arguments will be used
to construct a tuple to pass. Apart from ``N``, the same format characters
as used in :c:func:`Py_BuildValue` are available. If the built value is not
a tuple, it will be added into a single-element tuple. (The ``N`` format
option consumes a reference, but since there is no way to know whether
arguments to this function will be consumed, using it may cause reference
leaks.)
Note that ``#`` format characters should always be treated as
``Py_ssize_t``, regardless of whether ``PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN`` was defined.
:func:`sys.audit` performs the same function from Python code.
.. versionadded:: 3.8
.. versionchanged:: 3.8.2
Require ``Py_ssize_t`` for ``#`` format characters. Previously, an
unavoidable deprecation warning was raised.
.. c:function:: int PySys_AddAuditHook(Py_AuditHookFunction hook, void *userData)
Append the callable *hook* to the list of active auditing hooks.
Return zero for success
and non-zero on failure. If the runtime has been initialized, also set an
error on failure. Hooks added through this API are called for all
interpreters created by the runtime.
The *userData* pointer is passed into the hook function. Since hook
functions may be called from different runtimes, this pointer should not
refer directly to Python state.
This function is safe to call before :c:func:`Py_Initialize`. When called
after runtime initialization, existing audit hooks are notified and may
silently abort the operation by raising an error subclassed from
:class:`Exception` (other errors will not be silenced).
The hook function is of type :c:type:`int (*)(const char *event, PyObject
*args, void *userData)`, where *args* is guaranteed to be a
:c:type:`PyTupleObject`. The hook function is always called with the GIL
held by the Python interpreter that raised the event.
See :pep:`578` for a detailed description of auditing. Functions in the
runtime and standard library that raise events are listed in the
:ref:`audit events table <audit-events>`.
Details are in each function's documentation.
.. audit-event:: sys.addaudithook "" c.PySys_AddAuditHook
If the interpreter is initialized, this function raises a auditing event
``sys.addaudithook`` with no arguments. If any existing hooks raise an
exception derived from :class:`Exception`, the new hook will not be
added and the exception is cleared. As a result, callers cannot assume
that their hook has been added unless they control all existing hooks.
.. versionadded:: 3.8
.. _processcontrol:
Process Control
===============
.. c:function:: void Py_FatalError(const char *message)
.. index:: single: abort()
Print a fatal error message and kill the process. No cleanup is performed.
This function should only be invoked when a condition is detected that would
make it dangerous to continue using the Python interpreter; e.g., when the
object administration appears to be corrupted. On Unix, the standard C library
function :c:func:`abort` is called which will attempt to produce a :file:`core`
file.
.. c:function:: void Py_Exit(int status)
.. index::
single: Py_FinalizeEx()
single: exit()
Exit the current process. This calls :c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx` and then calls the
standard C library function ``exit(status)``. If :c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx`
indicates an error, the exit status is set to 120.
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
Errors from finalization no longer ignored.
.. c:function:: int Py_AtExit(void (*func) ())
.. index::
single: Py_FinalizeEx()
single: cleanup functions
Register a cleanup function to be called by :c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx`. The cleanup
function will be called with no arguments and should return no value. At most
32 cleanup functions can be registered. When the registration is successful,
:c:func:`Py_AtExit` returns ``0``; on failure, it returns ``-1``. The cleanup
function registered last is called first. Each cleanup function will be called
at most once. Since Python's internal finalization will have completed before
the cleanup function, no Python APIs should be called by *func*.