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<section id="supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection">
<span id="supporting-cycle-detection"></span><h1>使对象类型支持循环垃圾回收<a class="headerlink" href="#supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h1>
<p>Python 对循环引用的垃圾检测与回收需要“容器”对象类型的支持，此类型的容器对象中可能包含其它容器对象。不保存其它对象的引用的类型，或者只保存原子类型（如数字或字符串）的引用的类型，不需要显式提供垃圾回收的支持。</p>
<p>若要创建一个容器类，类型对象的 <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_flags" title="PyTypeObject.tp_flags"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_flags</span></code></a> 字段必须包含 <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</span></code></a> 并提供一个 <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> 处理的实现。如果该类型的实例是可变的，还需要实现 <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_clear" title="PyTypeObject.tp_clear"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_clear</span></code></a> 。</p>
<dl class="data">
<dt>
<code class="sig-name descname">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</code></dt>
<dd><p>设置了此标志位的类型的对象必须符合此处记录的规则。为方便起见，下文把这些对象称为容器对象。</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>容器类型的构造函数必须符合两个规则：</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>必须使用 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_New" title="PyObject_GC_New"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_New()</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_NewVar" title="PyObject_GC_NewVar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_NewVar()</span></code></a> 为这些对象分配内存。</p></li>
<li><p>初始化了所有可能包含其他容器的引用的字段后，它必须调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Track" title="PyObject_GC_Track"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_Track()</span></code></a> 。</p></li>
</ol>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyObject_GC_New">
TYPE* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GC_New</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>TYPE, <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a><em> *type</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_New" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>类似于 <a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#c.PyObject_New" title="PyObject_New"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_New()</span></code></a> ，适用于设置了 <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</span></code></a> 标签的容器对象。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyObject_GC_NewVar">
TYPE* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GC_NewVar</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>TYPE, <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a><em> *type</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> size</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_NewVar" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>类似于 <a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#c.PyObject_NewVar" title="PyObject_NewVar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_NewVar()</span></code></a> ，适用于设置了 <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</span></code></a> 标签的容器对象。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyObject_GC_Resize">
TYPE* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GC_Resize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>TYPE, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyVarObject" title="PyVarObject">PyVarObject</a><em> *op</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> newsize</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Resize" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>为 <a class="reference internal" href="allocation.html#c.PyObject_NewVar" title="PyObject_NewVar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_NewVar()</span></code></a> 所分配对象重新调整大小。 返回调整大小后的对象或在失败时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。 <em>op</em> 必须尚未被垃圾回收器追踪。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyObject_GC_Track">
void <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GC_Track</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *op</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Track" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>把对象 <em>op</em> 加入到垃圾回收器跟踪的容器对象中。对象在被回收器跟踪时必须保持有效的，因为回收器可能在任何时候开始运行。在 <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> 处理前的所有字段变为有效后，必须调用此函数，通常在靠近构造函数末尾的位置。</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>同样的，对象的释放器必须符合两个类似的规则：</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>在引用其它容器的字段失效前，必须调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_UnTrack" title="PyObject_GC_UnTrack"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_UnTrack()</span></code></a> 。</p></li>
<li><p>必须使用 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Del" title="PyObject_GC_Del"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_Del()</span></code></a> 释放对象的内存。</p></li>
</ol>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyObject_GC_Del">
void <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GC_Del</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>void<em> *op</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Del" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>释放对象的内存，该对象初始化时由 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_New" title="PyObject_GC_New"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_New()</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_NewVar" title="PyObject_GC_NewVar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_NewVar()</span></code></a> 分配内存。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyObject_GC_UnTrack">
void <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GC_UnTrack</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>void<em> *op</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GC_UnTrack" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>从回收器跟踪的容器对象集合中移除 <em>op</em> 对象。 请注意可以在此对象上再次调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GC_Track" title="PyObject_GC_Track"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GC_Track()</span></code></a> 以将其加回到被跟踪对象集合。 释放器 (<a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc" title="PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_dealloc</span></code></a> 句柄) 应当在 <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> 句柄所使用的任何字段失效之前为对象调用此函数。</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.8 版更改: </span><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyObject_GC_TRACK()</span></code> 和 <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyObject_GC_UNTRACK()</span></code> 宏已从公有 C API 中移除。</p>
</div>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> 处理接收以下类型的函数形参。</p>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.visitproc">
int <code class="sig-name descname">(*visitproc)</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *object</em>, void<em> *arg</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.visitproc" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>传给 <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> 处理的访问函数的类型。<em>object</em> 是容器中需要被遍历的一个对象，第三个形参对应于 <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> 处理的 <em>arg</em> 。Python核心使用多个访问者函数实现循环引用的垃圾检测，不需要用户自行实现访问者函数。</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> 处理必须是以下类型：</p>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.traverseproc">
int <code class="sig-name descname">(*traverseproc)</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *self</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.visitproc" title="visitproc">visitproc</a><em> visit</em>, void<em> *arg</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.traverseproc" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>用于容器对象的遍历函数。 它的实现必须对 <em>self</em> 所直接包含的每个对象调用 <em>visit</em> 函数，<em>visit</em> 的形参为所包含对象和传给处理程序的 <em>arg</em> 值。 <em>visit</em> 函数调用不可附带 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> 对象作为参数。 如果 <em>visit</em> 返回非零值，则该值应当被立即返回。</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>为了简化 <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> 处理的实现，Python提供了一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_VISIT" title="Py_VISIT"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_VISIT()</span></code></a> 宏。若要使用这个宏，必须把 <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> 的参数命名为 <em>visit</em> 和 <em>arg</em> 。</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_VISIT">
void <code class="sig-name descname">Py_VISIT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_VISIT" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果 <em>o</em> 不为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>，则调用 <em>visit</em> 回调函数，附带参数 <em>o</em> 和 <em>arg</em>。 如果 <em>visit</em> 返回一个非零值，则返回该值。 使用此宏之后，<a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse" title="PyTypeObject.tp_traverse"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a> 处理程序的形式如下:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span>
<span class="nf">my_traverse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Noddy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visitproc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">visit</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_VISIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_VISIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_clear" title="PyTypeObject.tp_clear"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_clear</span></code></a> 处理程序必须为 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.inquiry" title="inquiry"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inquiry</span></code></a> 类型，如果对象不可变则为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。</p>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.inquiry">
int <code class="sig-name descname">(*inquiry)</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *self</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.inquiry" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>丢弃产生循环引用的引用。不可变对象不需要声明此方法，因为他们不可能直接产生循环引用。需要注意的是，对象在调用此方法后必须仍是有效的（不能对引用只调用 <a class="reference internal" href="refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF" title="Py_DECREF"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DECREF()</span></code></a> 方法）。当垃圾回收器检测到该对象在循环引用中时，此方法会被调用。</p>
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