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<section id="set-objects">
<span id="setobjects"></span><h1>集合对象<a class="headerlink" href="#set-objects" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h1>
<p id="index-0">这一章节详细介绍了 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a><a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a> 对象的公共 API。 任何未在下面列出的功能最好是使用抽象对象协议 (包括 <a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_CallMethod" title="PyObject_CallMethod"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallMethod()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_RichCompareBool" title="PyObject_RichCompareBool"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_RichCompareBool()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_Hash" title="PyObject_Hash"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Hash()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_Repr" title="PyObject_Repr"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Repr()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_IsTrue" title="PyObject_IsTrue"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_IsTrue()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_Print" title="PyObject_Print"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Print()</span></code></a> 以及 <a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_GetIter" title="PyObject_GetIter"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GetIter()</span></code></a>) 或者抽象数字协议 (包括 <a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_And" title="PyNumber_And"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_And()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_Subtract" title="PyNumber_Subtract"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_Subtract()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_Or" title="PyNumber_Or"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_Or()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_Xor" title="PyNumber_Xor"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_Xor()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_InPlaceAnd" title="PyNumber_InPlaceAnd"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_InPlaceAnd()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract" title="PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_InPlaceOr" title="PyNumber_InPlaceOr"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_InPlaceOr()</span></code></a> 以及 <a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_InPlaceXor" title="PyNumber_InPlaceXor"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_InPlaceXor()</span></code></a>) 来访问。</p>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.PySetObject">
<code class="sig-name descname">PySetObject</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySetObject" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>这个 <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></code></a> 的子类型被用来保存 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a><a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a> 对象的内部数据。 它类似于 <a class="reference internal" href="dict.html#c.PyDictObject" title="PyDictObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyDictObject</span></code></a>,因为对于小尺寸集合来说它是固定大小的(很像元组的存储方式),并且对于中等和大尺寸集合来说它将指向单独的可变大小的内存块(很像列表的存储方式)。 此结构体的字段不应被视为公有并且可能发生改变。 所有访问应当通过已写入文档的 API 来进行,而不可通过操纵结构体中的值。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.PySet_Type">
<a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a> <code class="sig-name descname">PySet_Type</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Type" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>这是一个 <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></code></a> 实例,表示 Python <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a> 类型。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.PyFrozenSet_Type">
<a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a> <code class="sig-name descname">PyFrozenSet_Type</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFrozenSet_Type" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>这是一个 <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></code></a> 实例,表示 Python <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a> 类型。</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>下列类型检查宏适用于指向任意 Python 对象的指针。 类似地,这些构造函数也适用于任意可迭代的 Python 对象。</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PySet_Check">
int <code class="sig-name descname">PySet_Check</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *p</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Check" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果 <em>p</em> 是一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a> 对象或者是其子类型的实例则返回真值。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyFrozenSet_Check">
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyFrozenSet_Check</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *p</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFrozenSet_Check" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果 <em>p</em> 是一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a> 对象或者是其子类型的实例则返回真值。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyAnySet_Check">
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyAnySet_Check</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *p</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyAnySet_Check" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果 <em>p</em> 是一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a> 对象、<a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a> 对象或者是其子类型的实例则返回真值。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyAnySet_CheckExact">
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyAnySet_CheckExact</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *p</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyAnySet_CheckExact" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果 <em>p</em> 是一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a> 对象或 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a> 对象但不是其子类型的实例则返回真值。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyFrozenSet_CheckExact">
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyFrozenSet_CheckExact</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *p</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFrozenSet_CheckExact" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果 <em>p</em> 是一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a> 对象但不是其子类型的实例则返回真值。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PySet_New">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PySet_New</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *iterable</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_New" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>返回一个新的 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a>,其中包含 <em>iterable</em> 所返回的对象。 <em>iterable</em> 可以为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> 表示创建一个新的空集合。 成功时返回新的集合,失败时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。 如果 <em>iterable</em> 实际上不是可迭代对象则引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>。 该构造器也适用于拷贝集合 (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c=set(s)</span></code>)。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyFrozenSet_New">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyFrozenSet_New</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *iterable</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFrozenSet_New" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>返回一个新的 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a>,其中包含 <em>iterable</em> 所返回的对象。 <em>iterable</em> 可以为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> 表示创建一个新的空冻结集合。 成功时返回新的冻结集合,失败时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。 如果 <em>iterable</em> 实际上不是可迭代对象则引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a></p>
</dd></dl>
<p>下列函数和宏适用于 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a><a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a> 的实例或是其子类型的实例。</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PySet_Size">
Py_ssize_t <code class="sig-name descname">PySet_Size</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *anyset</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Size" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-1">返回 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a><a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a> 对象的长度。 等价于 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">len(anyset)</span></code>。 如果 <em>anyset</em> 不是 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a> 或其子类型的实例则会引发 <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyExc_SystemError</span></code></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PySet_GET_SIZE">
Py_ssize_t <code class="sig-name descname">PySet_GET_SIZE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *anyset</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_GET_SIZE" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>宏版本的 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PySet_Size" title="PySet_Size"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PySet_Size()</span></code></a>,不带错误检测。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PySet_Contains">
int <code class="sig-name descname">PySet_Contains</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *anyset</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Contains" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果找到返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>,如果未找到返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>,如果遇到错误则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>。 不同于 Python <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__contains__" title="object.__contains__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__contains__()</span></code></a> 方法,此函数不会自动将不可哈希的集合转换为临时的冻结集合。 如果 <em>key</em> 为不可哈希对象则会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>。 如果 <em>anyset</em> 不是 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a> 或其子类型的实例则会引发 <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyExc_SystemError</span></code></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PySet_Add">
int <code class="sig-name descname">PySet_Add</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *set</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Add" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>添加 <em>key</em> 到一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a> 实例。 也可用于 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a> 实例(类似于 <a class="reference internal" href="tuple.html#c.PyTuple_SetItem" title="PyTuple_SetItem"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTuple_SetItem()</span></code></a>,它可被用来为全新冻结集合在公开给其他代码之前填充全新的值)。 成功时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>,失败时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>。 如果 <em>key</em> 为不可哈希对象则会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>。 如果没有增长空间则会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#MemoryError" title="MemoryError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MemoryError</span></code></a>。 如果 <em>set</em> 不是 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a> 或其子类型的实例则会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SystemError" title="SystemError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemError</span></code></a></p>
</dd></dl>
<p>下列函数适用于 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a> 或其子类型的实例,但不可用于 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a> 或其子类型的实例。</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PySet_Discard">
int <code class="sig-name descname">PySet_Discard</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *set</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Discard" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果找到并移除返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>,如果未找到(无操作)返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>,如果遇到错误则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>。 对于不存在的键不会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code></a>。 如果 <em>key</em> 为不可哈希对象则会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>。 不同于 Python <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">discard()</span></code> 方法,此函数不会自动将不可哈希的集合转换为临时的冻结集合。 如果 <em>set</em> 不是 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a> 或其子类型的实例则会引发 <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyExc_SystemError</span></code></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PySet_Pop">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PySet_Pop</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *set</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Pop" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>返回 <em>set</em> 中任意对象的新引用,并从 <em>set</em> 中移除该对象。 失败时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。 如果集合为空则会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code></a>。 如果 <em>set</em> 不是 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a> 或其子类型的实例则会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SystemError" title="SystemError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemError</span></code></a></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PySet_Clear">
int <code class="sig-name descname">PySet_Clear</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *set</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Clear" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>清空现有字典的所有键值对。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PySet_ClearFreeList">
int <code class="sig-name descname">PySet_ClearFreeList</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_ClearFreeList" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>清空释放列表。 返回所释放的条目数。</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.3 新版功能.</span></p>
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