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<section id="module-webbrowser">
<span id="webbrowser-convenient-web-browser-controller"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-webbrowser" title="webbrowser: Easy-to-use controller for Web browsers."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code></a> --- 方便的Web浏览器控制器<a class="headerlink" href="#module-webbrowser" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h1>
<p><strong>源码:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/webbrowser.py">Lib/webbrowser.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-webbrowser" title="webbrowser: Easy-to-use controller for Web browsers."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code></a> 模块提供了一个高级接口允许向用户显示基于Web的文档。 在大多数情况下,只需从该模块调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.open" title="webbrowser.open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a> 函数就可以了。</p>
<p>在 Unix 下,图形浏览器在 X11 下是首选,但如果图形浏览器不可用或 X11 显示不可用,则将使用文本模式浏览器。 如果使用文本模式浏览器,则调用进程将阻塞,直到用户退出浏览器。</p>
<p>如果存在环境变量 <span class="target" id="index-8"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BROWSER</span></code> ,则将其解释为 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.pathsep" title="os.pathsep"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.pathsep</span></code></a> 分隔的浏览器列表,以便在平台默认值之前尝试。 当列表部分的值包含字符串 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">s</span></code> 时,它被解释为一个文字浏览器命令行,用于替换 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">s</span></code> 的参数 URL ;如果该部分不包含 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">s</span></code>,则它只被解释为要启动的浏览器的名称。 <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id2" id="id1">1</a></p>
<p>对于非 Unix 平台,或者当 Unix 上有远程浏览器时,控制过程不会等待用户完成浏览器,而是允许远程浏览器在显示界面上维护自己的窗口。 如果 Unix 上没有远程浏览器,控制进程将启动一个新的浏览器并等待。</p>
<p>脚本 <strong class="program">webbrowser</strong> 可用作模块的命令行界面。它接受一个 URL 作为参数,并接受以下可选参数:<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code> 在可能的情况下在新的浏览器窗口中打开 URL<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-t</span></code> 在新的浏览器页面(&quot;tab&quot;)中打开 URL。这些选项自然是相互排斥的。使用示例</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">webbrowser</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="s2">&quot;http://www.python.org&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>定义了以下异常:</p>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="webbrowser.Error">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">webbrowser.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Error</code><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.Error" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>发生浏览器控件错误时引发异常。</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>定义了以下函数:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="webbrowser.open">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">webbrowser.</code><code class="sig-name descname">open</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">url</em>, <em class="sig-param">new=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">autoraise=True</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.open" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>使用默认浏览器显示 <em>url</em>。 如果 <em>new</em> 为 0则尽可能在同一浏览器窗口中打开 <em>url</em>。 如果 <em>new</em> 为 1则尽可能打开新的浏览器窗口。 如果 <em>new</em> 为 2则尽可能打开新的浏览器页面“标签”。 如果 <em>autoraise</em> 为 “True”则会尽可能置前窗口请注意在许多窗口管理器下无论此变量的设置如何都会置前窗口</p>
<p>请注意,在某些平台上,尝试使用此函数打开文件名,可能会起作用并启动操作系统的关联程序。 但是,这种方式不被支持也不可移植。</p>
<p class="audit-hook">引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">审计事件</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser.open</span></code> 并附带参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">url</span></code></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="webbrowser.open_new">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">webbrowser.</code><code class="sig-name descname">open_new</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">url</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.open_new" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果可能,在默认浏览器的新窗口中打开 <em>url</em>,否则,在唯一的浏览器窗口中打开 <em>url</em></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="webbrowser.open_new_tab">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">webbrowser.</code><code class="sig-name descname">open_new_tab</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">url</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.open_new_tab" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果可能,在默认浏览器的新页面(“标签”)中打开 <em>url</em>,否则等效于 <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.open_new" title="webbrowser.open_new"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open_new()</span></code></a></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="webbrowser.get">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">webbrowser.</code><code class="sig-name descname">get</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">using=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.get" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>返回浏览器类型为 <em>using</em> 指定的控制器对象。 如果 <em>using</em><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>,则返回适用于调用者环境的默认浏览器的控制器。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="webbrowser.register">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">webbrowser.</code><code class="sig-name descname">register</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">name</em>, <em class="sig-param">constructor</em>, <em class="sig-param">instance=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">*</em>, <em class="sig-param">preferred=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.register" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>注册 <em>name</em> 浏览器类型。 注册浏览器类型后, <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.get" title="webbrowser.get"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get()</span></code></a> 函数可以返回该浏览器类型的控制器。 如果没有提供 <em>instance</em>,或者为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code><em>constructor</em> 将在没有参数的情况下被调用,以在需要时创建实例。 如果提供了 <em>instance</em>,则永远不会调用 <em>constructor</em>,并且可能是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p>
<p><em>preferred</em> 设置为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> 使得这个浏览器成为 <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.get" title="webbrowser.get"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get()</span></code></a> 不带参数调用的首选结果。 否则,只有在您计划设置 <span class="target" id="index-9"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BROWSER</span></code> 变量,或使用与您声明的处理程序的名称相匹配的非空参数调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.get" title="webbrowser.get"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get()</span></code></a> 时,此入口点才有用。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.7 版更改: </span>添加了仅关键字参数 <em>preferred</em></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>预定义了许多浏览器类型。 此表给出了可以传递给 <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.get" title="webbrowser.get"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get()</span></code></a> 函数的类型名称以及控制器类的相应实例化,这些都在此模块中定义。</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 33%" />
<col style="width: 57%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>类型名</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>类名</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>备注</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'mozilla'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Mozilla('mozilla')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'firefox'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Mozilla('mozilla')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'netscape'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Mozilla('netscape')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'galeon'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Galeon('galeon')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'epiphany'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Galeon('epiphany')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'skipstone'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BackgroundBrowser('skipstone')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'kfmclient'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Konqueror()</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>(1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'konqueror'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Konqueror()</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>(1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'kfm'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Konqueror()</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>(1)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'mosaic'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BackgroundBrowser('mosaic')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'opera'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Opera()</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'grail'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Grail()</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'links'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GenericBrowser('links')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'elinks'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Elinks('elinks')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'lynx'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GenericBrowser('lynx')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'w3m'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GenericBrowser('w3m')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'windows-default'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WindowsDefault</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>(2)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'macosx'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MacOSX('default')</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>(3)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'safari'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MacOSX('safari')</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>(3)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'google-chrome'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Chrome('google-chrome')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'chrome'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Chrome('chrome')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'chromium'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Chromium('chromium')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'chromium-browser'</span></code></p></td>
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Chromium('chromium-browser')</span></code></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>注释:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>&quot;Konqueror&quot; 是用于 Unix 的 KDE 桌面环境的文件管理器,只有在运行 KDE 时使用才有意义。最好能有某种方法可靠地检测 KDE仅有 <span class="target" id="index-10"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KDEDIR</span></code> 变量还不够。还要注意的是,即使在 KDE 2 中使用命令:program:<cite>konqueror</cite>&quot;kfm&quot; 这个名字也会被使用 —— 实现会选择运行 Konqueror 的最佳策略。</p></li>
<li><p>仅限 Windows 平台。</p></li>
<li><p>仅限 Mac OS X 平台。</p></li>
</ol>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.3 新版功能: </span>添加了对 Chrome/Chromium 的支持。</p>
</div>
<p>以下是一些简单的例子:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;http://docs.python.org/&#39;</span>
<span class="c1"># Open URL in a new tab, if a browser window is already open.</span>
<span class="n">webbrowser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open_new_tab</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Open URL in new window, raising the window if possible.</span>
<span class="n">webbrowser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open_new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<section id="browser-controller-objects">
<span id="browser-controllers"></span><h2>浏览器控制器对象<a class="headerlink" href="#browser-controller-objects" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p>浏览器控制器提供三个与模块级便捷函数相同的方法:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="webbrowser.controller.open">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">controller.</code><code class="sig-name descname">open</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">url</em>, <em class="sig-param">new=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">autoraise=True</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.controller.open" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>使用此控制器处理的浏览器显示 <em>url</em>。 如果 <em>new</em> 为 1则尽可能打开新的浏览器窗口。 如果 <em>new</em> 为 2则尽可能打开新的浏览器页面“标签”</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="webbrowser.controller.open_new">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">controller.</code><code class="sig-name descname">open_new</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">url</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.controller.open_new" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果可能,在此控制器处理的浏览器的新窗口中打开 <em>url</em> ,否则,在唯一的浏览器窗口中打开 <em>url</em> 。 别名 <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.open_new" title="webbrowser.open_new"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open_new()</span></code></a></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="webbrowser.controller.open_new_tab">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">controller.</code><code class="sig-name descname">open_new_tab</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">url</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.controller.open_new_tab" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果可能,在此控制器处理的浏览器的新页面(“标签”)中打开 <em>url</em>,否则等效于 <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.open_new" title="webbrowser.open_new"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open_new()</span></code></a></p>
</dd></dl>
<p class="rubric">备注</p>
<dl class="footnote brackets">
<dt class="label" id="id2"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">1</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>这里命名的不带完整路径的可执行文件将在 <span class="target" id="index-11"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PATH</span></code> 环境变量给出的目录中搜索。</p>
</dd>
</dl>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code> --- 方便的Web浏览器控制器</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#browser-controller-objects">浏览器控制器对象</a></li>
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