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+
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+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">12. 虚拟环境和包</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction">12.1. 概述</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-virtual-environments">12.2. 创建虚拟环境</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#managing-packages-with-pip">12.3. 使用pip管理包</a></li>
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+  <p class="topless"><a href="stdlib2.html"
+                        title="上一章"><span class="section-number">11. </span>标准库简介 —— 第二部分</a></p>
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+    你应当升级版本，并阅读 
+    <a href="/3/tutorial/venv.html"> Python 当前稳定版本的文档</a>.
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+            
+  <section id="virtual-environments-and-packages">
+<span id="tut-venv"></span><h1><span class="section-number">12. </span>虚拟环境和包<a class="headerlink" href="#virtual-environments-and-packages" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
+<section id="introduction">
+<h2><span class="section-number">12.1. </span>概述<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Python应用程序通常会使用不在标准库内的软件包和模块。应用程序有时需要特定版本的库，因为应用程序可能需要修复特定的错误，或者可以使用库的过时版本的接口编写应用程序。</p>
+<p>这意味着一个Python安装可能无法满足每个应用程序的要求。如果应用程序A需要特定模块的1.0版本但应用程序B需要2.0版本，则需求存在冲突，安装版本1.0或2.0将导致某一个应用程序无法运行。</p>
+<p>这个问题的解决方案是创建一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-virtual-environment"><span class="xref std std-term">virtual environment</span></a>，一个目录树，其中安装有特定Python版本，以及许多其他包。</p>
+<p>然后，不同的应用将可以使用不同的虚拟环境。 要解决先前需求相冲突的例子，应用程序 A 可以拥有自己的 安装了 1.0 版本的虚拟环境，而应用程序 B 则拥有安装了 2.0 版本的另一个虚拟环境。 如果应用程序 B 要求将某个库升级到 3.0 版本，也不会影响应用程序 A 的环境。</p>
+</section>
+<section id="creating-virtual-environments">
+<h2><span class="section-number">12.2. </span>创建虚拟环境<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-virtual-environments" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
+<p>用于创建和管理虚拟环境的模块称为 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/venv.html#module-venv" title="venv: Creation of virtual environments."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code></a>。<a class="reference internal" href="../library/venv.html#module-venv" title="venv: Creation of virtual environments."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code></a> 通常会安装你可用的最新版本的 Python。如果您的系统上有多个版本的 Python，您可以通过运行 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python3</span></code> 或您想要的任何版本来选择特定的Python版本。</p>
+<p>要创建虚拟环境，请确定要放置它的目录，并将 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/venv.html#module-venv" title="venv: Creation of virtual environments."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code></a> 模块作为脚本运行目录路径:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python3</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">venv</span> <span class="n">tutorial</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">env</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>如果 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tutorial-env</span></code> 目录不存在，它将为你创建一个，并在其中创建包含Python解释器，标准库和各种支持文件的副本的目录。</p>
+<p>虚拟环境的常用目录位置是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.venv</span></code>。 这个名称通常会令该目录在你的终端中保持隐藏，从而避免需要对所在目录进行额外解释的一般名称。 它还能防止与某些工具所支持的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.env</span></code> 环境变量定义文件发生冲突。</p>
+<p>创建虚拟环境后，您可以激活它。</p>
+<p>在Windows上，运行:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">tutorial</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">env</span>\<span class="n">Scripts</span>\<span class="n">activate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bat</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>在Unix或MacOS上，运行:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">source</span> <span class="n">tutorial</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">env</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">bin</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">activate</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>（这个脚本是为bash shell编写的。如果你使用 <strong class="program">csh</strong> 或 <strong class="program">fish</strong> shell，你应该改用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">activate.csh</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">activate.fish</span></code> 脚本。）</p>
+<p>激活虚拟环境将改变你所用终端的提示符，以显示你正在使用的虚拟环境，并修改环境以使 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span></code> 命令所运行的将是已安装的特定 Python 版本。 例如：</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">source</span><span class="w"> </span>~/envs/tutorial-env/bin/activate
+<span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>python
+Python<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span>.5.1<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>default,<span class="w"> </span>May<span class="w">  </span><span class="m">6</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2016</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">10</span>:59:36<span class="o">)</span>
+<span class="w">  </span>...
+&gt;&gt;&gt;<span class="w"> </span>import<span class="w"> </span>sys
+&gt;&gt;&gt;<span class="w"> </span>sys.path
+<span class="o">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;/usr/local/lib/python35.zip&#39;</span>,<span class="w"> </span>...,
+<span class="s1">&#39;~/envs/tutorial-env/lib/python3.5/site-packages&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>
+&gt;&gt;&gt;
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</section>
+<section id="managing-packages-with-pip">
+<h2><span class="section-number">12.3. </span>使用pip管理包<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-packages-with-pip" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
+<p>你可以使用一个名为 <strong class="program">pip</strong> 的程序来安装、升级和移除软件包。 默认情况下 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 将从 Python Package Index &lt;<a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org">https://pypi.org</a>&gt; 安装软件包。 你可以在你的 web 浏览器中查看 Python Package Index。</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 有许多子命令: &quot;install&quot;, &quot;uninstall&quot;, &quot;freeze&quot; 等等。 （请在 <a class="reference internal" href="../installing/index.html#installing-index"><span class="std std-ref">安装 Python 模块</span></a> 指南页查看完整的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 文档。）</p>
+<p>您可以通过指定包的名称来安装最新版本的包：</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>novas
+Collecting<span class="w"> </span>novas
+<span class="w">  </span>Downloading<span class="w"> </span>novas-3.1.1.3.tar.gz<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>136kB<span class="o">)</span>
+Installing<span class="w"> </span>collected<span class="w"> </span>packages:<span class="w"> </span>novas
+<span class="w">  </span>Running<span class="w"> </span>setup.py<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span>novas
+Successfully<span class="w"> </span>installed<span class="w"> </span>novas-3.1.1.3
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>您还可以通过提供包名称后跟 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">==</span></code> 和版本号来安装特定版本的包：</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">requests</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">2</span>.6.0
+Collecting<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">requests</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">2</span>.6.0
+<span class="w">  </span>Using<span class="w"> </span>cached<span class="w"> </span>requests-2.6.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
+Installing<span class="w"> </span>collected<span class="w"> </span>packages:<span class="w"> </span>requests
+Successfully<span class="w"> </span>installed<span class="w"> </span>requests-2.6.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>如果你重新运行这个命令，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 会注意到已经安装了所请求的版本并且什么都不做。您可以提供不同的版本号来获取该版本，或者您可以运行 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">--upgrade</span></code> 将软件包升级到最新版本：</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>--upgrade<span class="w"> </span>requests
+Collecting<span class="w"> </span>requests
+Installing<span class="w"> </span>collected<span class="w"> </span>packages:<span class="w"> </span>requests
+<span class="w">  </span>Found<span class="w"> </span>existing<span class="w"> </span>installation:<span class="w"> </span>requests<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span>.6.0
+<span class="w">    </span>Uninstalling<span class="w"> </span>requests-2.6.0:
+<span class="w">      </span>Successfully<span class="w"> </span>uninstalled<span class="w"> </span>requests-2.6.0
+Successfully<span class="w"> </span>installed<span class="w"> </span>requests-2.7.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">uninstall</span></code> 后跟一个或多个包名称将从虚拟环境中删除包。</p>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">show</span></code> 将显示有关特定包的信息：</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>show<span class="w"> </span>requests
+---
+Metadata-Version:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span>.0
+Name:<span class="w"> </span>requests
+Version:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span>.7.0
+Summary:<span class="w"> </span>Python<span class="w"> </span>HTTP<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span>Humans.
+Home-page:<span class="w"> </span>http://python-requests.org
+Author:<span class="w"> </span>Kenneth<span class="w"> </span>Reitz
+Author-email:<span class="w"> </span>me@kennethreitz.com
+License:<span class="w"> </span>Apache<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span>.0
+Location:<span class="w"> </span>/Users/akuchling/envs/tutorial-env/lib/python3.4/site-packages
+Requires:
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">list</span></code> 将显示虚拟环境中安装的所有软件包：</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>list
+novas<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">3</span>.1.1.3<span class="o">)</span>
+numpy<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">1</span>.9.2<span class="o">)</span>
+pip<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">7</span>.0.3<span class="o">)</span>
+requests<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">2</span>.7.0<span class="o">)</span>
+setuptools<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="m">16</span>.0<span class="o">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>pip freeze`</cite> 将生成一个类似的已安装包列表，但输出使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code> 期望的格式。一个常见的约定是将此列表放在 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code> 文件中：</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>freeze<span class="w"> </span>&gt;<span class="w"> </span>requirements.txt
+<span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>cat<span class="w"> </span>requirements.txt
+<span class="nv">novas</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">3</span>.1.1.3
+<span class="nv">numpy</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">1</span>.9.2
+<span class="nv">requests</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">2</span>.7.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>然后可以将 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code> 提交给版本控制并作为应用程序的一部分提供。然后用户可以使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">-r</span></code> 安装所有必需的包：</p>
+<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">(</span>tutorial-env<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>$<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w"> </span>requirements.txt
+Collecting<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">novas</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">3</span>.1.1.3<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>from<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w"> </span>requirements.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>line<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="o">))</span>
+<span class="w">  </span>...
+Collecting<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">numpy</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">1</span>.9.2<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>from<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w"> </span>requirements.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>line<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="o">))</span>
+<span class="w">  </span>...
+Collecting<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">requests</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">2</span>.7.0<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>from<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w"> </span>requirements.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>line<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="o">))</span>
+<span class="w">  </span>...
+Installing<span class="w"> </span>collected<span class="w"> </span>packages:<span class="w"> </span>novas,<span class="w"> </span>numpy,<span class="w"> </span>requests
+<span class="w">  </span>Running<span class="w"> </span>setup.py<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span>novas
+Successfully<span class="w"> </span>installed<span class="w"> </span>novas-3.1.1.3<span class="w"> </span>numpy-1.9.2<span class="w"> </span>requests-2.7.0
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 有更多选择。有关 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 的完整文档，请参阅 <a class="reference internal" href="../installing/index.html#installing-index"><span class="std std-ref">安装 Python 模块</span></a> 指南。当您编写一个包并希望在 Python 包索引中使它可用时，请参考 <a class="reference internal" href="../distributing/index.html#distributing-index"><span class="std std-ref">分发 Python 模块</span></a> 指南。</p>
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