318 lines
24 KiB
HTML
318 lines
24 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="zh">
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<head><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
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<title>std::allocator</title>
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<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-cpp_memory_allocator skin-cppreference2 action-view cpp-navbar">
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<div id="cpp-content-base">
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="font-size:0.7em; line-height:130%">std::</span>allocator</h1>
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<div id="bodyContent">
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<div id="contentSub"><span class="subpages">< <a href="cpp.html">cpp</a>‎ | <a href="cpp-memory.html">memory</a></span></div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" xml:lang="zh">
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<table class="t-dcl-begin">
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<div>定义于头文件 <code><a href="cpp-header-memory.html"><memory></a></code></div>
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</td>
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<td></td>
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<td></td>
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<td>
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<div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span> <span class="kw1">class</span> T <span class="sy1">></span><br />
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<span class="kw1">struct</span> allocator<span class="sy4">;</span></span></div>
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<td>(1)</td>
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<td class="t-dcl-nopad"></td>
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<div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><></span><br />
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<span class="kw1">struct</span> allocator<span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div>
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</td>
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<td>(2)</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark">(C++17 中弃用)</span><br />
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<span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(C++20 中移除)</span></td>
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<p><code>std::allocator</code> 类模板是所有标准库容器所用的默认<a href="cpp-named_req-Allocator.html"><span style="font-style:italic">分配器</span> <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; font-style:italic">(Allocator)</span></a> ，若不提供用户指定的分配器。默认分配器无状态，即任何给定的 allocator 实例可交换、比较相等，且能解分配同一 allocator 类型的任何其他实例所分配的内存。</p>
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<table class="t-rev-begin">
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<tr class="t-rev t-until-cxx20">
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<td>
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<p>对 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span> 的显式特化缺少成员 typedef <code>reference</code> 、 <code>const_reference</code> 、 <code>size_type</code> 和 <code>difference_type</code> 。此特化不声明成员函数。</p>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(C++20 前)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<table class="t-rev-begin">
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<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx17">
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<td>
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<p>默认分配器满足<a href="cpp-named_req-Allocator.html#.E5.88.86.E9.85.8D.E5.99.A8.E5.AE.8C.E6.95.B4.E6.80.A7.E8.A6.81.E6.B1.82">分配器完整性要求</a>。</p>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.88.90.E5.91.98.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B">成员类型</span></h3>
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<table class="t-dsc-begin">
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<tr class="t-dsc-hitem">
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<td>类型</td>
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<td>定义</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>value_type</code></td>
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<td><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T</span></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>pointer</code> <span class="t-mark-rev t-deprecated-cxx17">(C++17 中弃用)</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(C++20 中移除)</span></td>
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<td><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy2">*</span></span></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>const_pointer</code> <span class="t-mark-rev t-deprecated-cxx17">(C++17 中弃用)</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(C++20 中移除)</span></td>
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<td><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> T<span class="sy2">*</span></span></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>reference</code> <span class="t-mark-rev t-deprecated-cxx17">(C++17 中弃用)</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(C++20 中移除)</span></td>
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<td><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span></span></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>const_reference</code> <span class="t-mark-rev t-deprecated-cxx17">(C++17 中弃用)</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(C++20 中移除)</span></td>
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<td><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> T<span class="sy3">&</span></span></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>size_type</code></td>
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<td><span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-types-size_t.html">std::size_t</a></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>difference_type</code></td>
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<td><span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-types-ptrdiff_t.html">std::ptrdiff_t</a></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>propagate_on_container_move_assignment</code><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14)</span></td>
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<td><span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-types-integral_constant.html">std::true_type</a></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>rebind</code> <span class="t-mark-rev t-deprecated-cxx17">(C++17 中弃用)</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(C++20 中移除)</span></td>
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<td><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span> <span class="kw1">class</span> U <span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw1">struct</span> rebind <span class="br0">{</span><br /></span></span>
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<p> <span class="kw1">typedef</span> allocator<span class="sy1"><</span>U<span class="sy1">></span> other<span class="sy4">;</span><br />
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<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span></p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td><code>is_always_equal</code><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-deprecated-cxx20">(C++20 中弃用)</span></td>
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<td><span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-types-integral_constant.html">std::true_type</a></span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.88.90.E5.91.98.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0">成员函数</span></h3>
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<table class="t-dsc-begin">
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div t-dsc-member-nobold-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-memory-allocator-allocator.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>(构造函数)</span></span></a></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>创建新的 allocator 实例<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div t-dsc-member-nobold-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-memory-allocator-~allocator.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>(析构函数)</span></span></a></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>析构 allocator 实例<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-memory-allocator-address.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>address</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-deprecated-cxx17">(C++17 中弃用)</span></span><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(C++20 中移除)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>获得对象的地址，即使重载了 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">operator<span class="sy3">&</span></span></span><br />
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<span class="t-mark">(公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-memory-allocator-allocate.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>allocate</span></span></a></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>分配未初始化的存储<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-memory-allocator-allocate_at_least.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>allocate_at_least</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx23">(C++23)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>分配与请求的大小至少一样大的未初始化存储<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-memory-allocator-deallocate.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>deallocate</span></span></a></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>解分配存储<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-memory-allocator-max_size.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>max_size</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-deprecated-cxx17">(C++17 中弃用)</span></span><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(C++20 中移除)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>返回最大的受支持分配大小<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-memory-allocator-construct.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>construct</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-deprecated-cxx17">(C++17 中弃用)</span></span><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(C++20 中移除)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>在分配的存储构造对象<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-memory-allocator-destroy.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>destroy</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-deprecated-cxx17">(C++17 中弃用)</span></span><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(C++20 中移除)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>析构在已分配存储中的对象<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E9.9D.9E.E6.88.90.E5.91.98.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0">非成员函数</span></h3>
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<table class="t-dsc-begin">
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-memory-allocator-operator_cmp.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>operator==</span><span>operator!=</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span></span><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(C++20 中移除)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>比较两个分配器实例<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.B3.A8.E8.A7.A3">注解</span></h3>
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<p>成员模板 <code>rebind</code> 提供获得不同类型的分配器的方式。例如，<code>std::list<T, A></code> 用分配器<span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx11"><span><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">rebind</span><span class="sy1"><</span>Node<span class="sy1"><</span>T<span class="sy1">>></span><span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">other</span></span></span></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx11">(C++11 前)</span></span></span><span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="cpp-memory-allocator_traits.html"><span class="kw700">std::<span class="me2">allocator_traits</span></span></a><span class="sy1"><</span>A<span class="sy1">></span><span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">rebind_alloc</span><span class="sy1"><</span>Node<span class="sy1"><</span>T<span class="sy1">>></span></span></span> ，若 <code>A</code> 为 <code>std::allocator</code> 则实现自 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">rebind</span><span class="sy1"><</span>Node<span class="sy1"><</span>T<span class="sy1">>></span><span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">other</span></span></span></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></span></span> 分配某个某个内部类型 <code>Node<T></code> 结点。</p>
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<p>成员类型 <code>is_always_equal</code> 由 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/LWG/issue3170">LWG 问题 3170</a> 弃用，因为它使得派生自 <code>std::allocator</code> 的定制分配器默认被当作始终相等。 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="cpp-memory-allocator_traits.html"><span class="kw700">std::<span class="me2">allocator_traits</span></span></a><span class="sy1"><</span>std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">allocator</span><span class="sy1"><</span>T<span class="sy1">>></span><span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">is_always_equal</span></span></span> 未被弃用，而其成员常量 <code>value</code> 对任何 <code>T</code> 均为 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw2">true</span></span></span> 。</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.A4.BA.E4.BE.8B">示例</span></h3>
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<div class="t-example">
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<div class="t-example-live-link"></div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="cpp source-cpp">
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<pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <memory></span>
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<span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
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<span class="co2">#include <string></span>
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<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
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<span class="br0">{</span>
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<span class="br0">{</span>
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<span class="co1">// int 的默认分配器</span>
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std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">allocator</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">></span> alloc<span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="co1">// 演示少见的直接使用成员</span>
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static_assert<span class="br0">(</span><a href="cpp-types-is_same.html"><span class="kw589">std::<span class="me2">is_same_v</span></span></a><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">int</span>, decltype<span class="br0">(</span>alloc<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">value_type</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy2">*</span> p <span class="sy1">=</span> alloc.<span class="me1">allocate</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 一个 int 的空间</span>
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alloc.<span class="me1">deallocate</span><span class="br0">(</span>p, <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 而它没了</span>
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<span class="co1">// 即使可以通过特征使用这些，从而无直接使用的必要</span>
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<span class="kw1">using</span> traits_t <span class="sy1">=</span> <a href="cpp-memory-allocator_traits.html"><span class="kw700">std::<span class="me2">allocator_traits</span></span></a><span class="sy1"><</span>decltype<span class="br0">(</span>alloc<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 匹配的特征</span>
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p <span class="sy1">=</span> traits_t<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">allocate</span><span class="br0">(</span>alloc, <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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traits_t<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">construct</span><span class="br0">(</span>alloc, p, <span class="nu0">7</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 构造 int</span>
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<a href="cpp-io-cout.html"><span class="kw1757">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>p <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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traits_t<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">deallocate</span><span class="br0">(</span>alloc, p, <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 解分配 int 的空间</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span>
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<span class="br0">{</span>
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<span class="co1">// string 的默认分配器</span>
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std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">allocator</span><span class="sy1"><</span><a href="cpp-string-basic_string.html"><span class="kw1229">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="sy1">></span> alloc<span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="co1">// 匹配的特征</span>
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<span class="kw1">using</span> traits_t <span class="sy1">=</span> <a href="cpp-memory-allocator_traits.html"><span class="kw700">std::<span class="me2">allocator_traits</span></span></a><span class="sy1"><</span>decltype<span class="br0">(</span>alloc<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="co1">// 用 string 的特征重绑定产生同一类型</span>
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traits_t<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">rebind_alloc</span><span class="sy1"><</span><a href="cpp-string-basic_string.html"><span class="kw1229">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="sy1">></span> alloc_ <span class="sy1">=</span> alloc<span class="sy4">;</span>
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<a href="cpp-string-basic_string.html"><span class="kw1229">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="sy2">*</span> p <span class="sy1">=</span> traits_t<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">allocate</span><span class="br0">(</span>alloc, <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 2 个 string 的空间</span>
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traits_t<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">construct</span><span class="br0">(</span>alloc, p, <span class="st0">"foo"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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traits_t<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">construct</span><span class="br0">(</span>alloc, p <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="st0">"bar"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<a href="cpp-io-cout.html"><span class="kw1757">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> p<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">' '</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> p<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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traits_t<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">destroy</span><span class="br0">(</span>alloc, p <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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traits_t<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">destroy</span><span class="br0">(</span>alloc, p<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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traits_t<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">deallocate</span><span class="br0">(</span>alloc, p, <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>输出：</p>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="text source-text">
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<pre class="de1">7
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foo bar</pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8F.82.E9.98.85">参阅</span></h3>
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<table class="t-dsc-begin">
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-memory-allocator_traits.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>allocator_traits</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>提供关于分配器类型的信息<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(类模板)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-memory-scoped_allocator_adaptor.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>scoped_allocator_adaptor</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>为多级容器实现的多级分配器<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(类模板)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-memory-uses_allocator.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>uses_allocator</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div>
|
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>检查指定的类型是否支持使用分配器的构造<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(类模板)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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<div class="visualClear"></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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