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<span id="allos"></span><h1>通用操作系统服务<a class="headerlink" href="#generic-operating-system-services" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h1>
<p>本章中描述的各模块提供了在（几乎）所有的操作系统上可用的操作系统特性的接口，例如文件和时钟。这些接口通常以 Unix 或 C 接口为参考对象，不过在大多数其他系统上也可用。这里有一个概述：</p>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-names-command-line-arguments-and-environment-variables">文件名，命令行参数，以及环境变量。</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code> --- 命令行选项、参数和子命令解析器</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#invalid-arguments">无效的参数</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argument-abbreviations-prefix-matching">参数缩写（前缀匹配）</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#the-namespace-object">命名空间对象</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#upgrading-optparse-code">升级 optparse 代码</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="getopt.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt</span></code> --- C 风格的命令行选项解析器</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> --- Python 的日志记录工具</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logger-objects">记录器对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logging-levels">日志级别</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#handler-objects">处理器对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#formatter-objects">格式器对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#filter-objects">过滤器对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-objects">LogRecord 属性</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-attributes">LogRecord 属性</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#loggeradapter-objects">LoggerAdapter 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#thread-safety">线程安全</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-functions">模块级函数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-attributes">模块级属性</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module">与警告模块集成</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> --- 日志记录配置</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-functions">配置函数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema">配置字典架构</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details">字典架构细节</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#incremental-configuration">增量配置</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#object-connections">对象连接</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#user-defined-objects">用户定义对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects">访问外部对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects">访问内部对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers">导入解析与定制导入器</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-file-format">配置文件格式</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> --- 日志处理程序</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#streamhandler">StreamHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#filehandler">FileHandler</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler">WatchedFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#baserotatinghandler">BaseRotatingHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler">RotatingFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler">TimedRotatingFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sockethandler">SocketHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler">DatagramHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler">SysLogHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler">NTEventLogHandler</a></li>
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