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<section id="module-email">
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<span id="email-an-email-and-mime-handling-package"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> --- 电子邮件与 MIME 处理包<a class="headerlink" href="#module-email" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>源码:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/email/__init__.py">Lib/email/__init__.py</a></p>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> 包是一个用于管理电子邮件消息的库。 它 <em>并非</em> 被设计为执行向 SMTP (<span class="target" id="index-16"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2821.html"><strong>RFC 2821</strong></a>), NNTP 或其他服务器发送电子邮件消息的操作；这些是 <a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#module-smtplib" title="smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#module-nntplib" title="nntplib: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code></a> 等模块的功能。 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> 包试图尽可能地遵循 RFC，支持 <span class="target" id="index-17"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322.html"><strong>RFC 5322</strong></a> 和 <span class="target" id="index-18"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6532.html"><strong>RFC 6532</strong></a>，以及与 MIME 相关的各个 RFC 例如 <span class="target" id="index-19"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045.html"><strong>RFC 2045</strong></a>, <span class="target" id="index-20"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2046.html"><strong>RFC 2046</strong></a>, <span class="target" id="index-21"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2047.html"><strong>RFC 2047</strong></a>, <span class="target" id="index-22"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2183.html"><strong>RFC 2183</strong></a> 和 <span class="target" id="index-23"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231.html"><strong>RFC 2231</strong></a>。</p>
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<p>email 包的总体结构可以分为三个主要部分，另外还有第四个部分用于控制其他部分的行为。</p>
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<p>这个包的中心组件是代表电子邮件消息的“对象模型”。 应用程序主要通过在 <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">message</span></code></a> 子模块中定义的对象模型接口与这个包进行交互。 应用程序可以使用此 API 来询问有关现有电子邮件的问题、构造新的电子邮件，或者添加或移除自身也使用相同对象模型接口的电子邮件子组件。 也就是说，遵循电子邮件消息及其 MIME 子组件的性质，电子邮件对象模型是所有提供 <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> API 的对象所构成的树状结构。</p>
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<p>这个包的另外两个主要组件是 <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a>。 parser 接受电子邮件消息的序列化版本（字节流）并将其转换为 <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> 对象树。 generator 接受 <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> 并将其转回序列化的字节流。 (parser 和 generator 还能处理文本字符流，但不建议这种用法，因为这很容易导致某种形式的无效消息。</p>
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<p>控制组件是 <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> 模块。 每一个 <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>、每一个 <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a> 和每一个 <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> 都有一个相关联的 <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> 对象来控制其行为。 通常应用程序只有在 <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> 被创建时才需要指明控制策略，或者通过直接实例代 <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> 来新建电子邮件，或者通过使用 <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> 来解析输入流。 但是策略也可以在使用 <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a> 序列化消息时被更改。 例如，这允许从磁盘解析通用电子邮件消息，而在将消息发送到电子邮件服务器时使用标准 SMTP 设置对其进行序列化。</p>
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<p>email 包会尽量地对应用程序隐藏各种控制类 RFC 的细节。 从概念上讲应用程序应当能够将电子邮件消息视为 Unicode 文本和二进制附件的结构化树，而不必担心在序列化时要如何表示它们。 但在实际中，经常有必要至少了解一部分控制类 MIME 消息及其结构的规划，特别是 MIME "内容类型" 的名称和性质以及它们是如何标识多部分文档的。 在大多数情况下这些知识应当仅对于更复杂的应用程序来说才是必需的，并且即便在那时它也应当仅是特定的高层级结构，而不是如何表示这些结构的细节信息。 由于 MIME 内容类型被广泛应用于现代因特网软件（而非只是电子邮件），因此这对许多程序员来说将是很熟悉的概念。</p>
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<p>以下小节描述了 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> 包的具体功能。 我们会从 <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">message</span></code></a> 对象模型开始，它是应用程序将要使用的主要接口，之后是 <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a> 组件。 然后我们会介绍 <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> 控制组件，它将完成对这个库的主要组件的处理。</p>
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<p>接下来的三个小节会介绍这个包可能引发的异常以及 <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> 可能检测到的缺陷（即与 RFC 不相符）。 然后我们会介绍 <a class="reference internal" href="email.headerregistry.html#module-email.headerregistry" title="email.headerregistry: Automatic Parsing of headers based on the field name"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">headerregistry</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="email.contentmanager.html#module-email.contentmanager" title="email.contentmanager: Storing and Retrieving Content from MIME Parts"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contentmanager</span></code></a> 子组件，它们分别提供了用于更精细地操纵标题和载荷的工具。 这两个组件除了包含使用与生成非简单消息的相关特性，还记录了它们的可扩展性 API，这将是高级应用程序所感兴趣的内容。</p>
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<p>在此之后是一组使用之前小节所介绍的 API 的基本部分的示例。</p>
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<p>前面的内容是 email 包的现代（对 Unicode 支持良好）API。 从 <a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message</span></code></a> 类开始的其余小节则介绍了旧式 <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> API，它会更直接地处理如何表示电子邮件消息的细节。 <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> API <em>不会</em> 向应用程序隐藏 RFC 的相关细节，但对于需要进行此种层级操作的应用程序来说将是很有用的工具。 此文档对于因向下兼容理由而仍然使用 <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> API 的应用程序也是很适合的。</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>文档经过重新组织和撰写以鼓励使用新的 <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.EmailPolicy" title="email.policy.EmailPolicy"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailPolicy</span></code></a> API。</p>
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</div>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> 包文档的内容:</p>
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<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
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||
<ul>
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||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message</span></code>: 表示一封电子邮件信息</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></code>: 解析电子邮件信息</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#feedparser-api">FeedParser API</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#parser-api">Parser API</a></li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#additional-notes">附加说明</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></code>: 生成 MIME 文档</a></li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.policy</span></code>: Policy 对象</a></li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.errors.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.errors</span></code>: 异常和缺陷类</a></li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.headerregistry.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.headerregistry</span></code>: 自定义标头对象</a></li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.contentmanager.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.contentmanager</span></code>: 管理 MIME 内容</a><ul>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.contentmanager.html#content-manager-instances">内容管理器实例</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.examples.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code>: 示例</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>旧式 API:</p>
|
||
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message.Message</span></code>: 使用 <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code> API 来表示电子邮件消息</a></li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.mime.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.mime</span></code>: 从头创建电子邮件和 MIME 对象</a></li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.header.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.header</span></code>: 国际化标头</a></li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.charset.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.charset</span></code>: 表示字符集</a></li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.encoders.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.encoders</span></code>: 编码器</a></li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.utils.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.utils</span></code>: 其他工具</a></li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.iterators.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.iterators</span></code>: 迭代器</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="admonition seealso">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
|
||
<dl class="simple">
|
||
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#module-smtplib" title="smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code></a> 模块</dt><dd><p>SMTP (简单邮件传输协议) 客户端</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html#module-poplib" title="poplib: POP3 protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code></a> 模块</dt><dd><p>POP (邮局协议) 客户端</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html#module-imaplib" title="imaplib: IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code></a> 模块</dt><dd><p>IMAP (互联网消息访问协议) 客户端</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#module-nntplib" title="nntplib: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code></a> 模块</dt><dd><p>NNTP (网络新闻传输协议) 客户端</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="mailbox.html#module-mailbox" title="mailbox: Manipulate mailboxes in various formats"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code></a> 模块</dt><dd><p>创建、读取和管理使用保存在磁盘中的多种标准格式的消息集的工具。</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#module-smtpd" title="smtpd: A SMTP server implementation in Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></code></a> 模块</dt><dd><p>SMTP 服务器框架 (主要适用于测试)</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
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<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
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<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
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<h4>上一个主题</h4>
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<p class="topless"><a href="netdata.html"
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title="上一章">互联网数据处理</a></p>
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<h4>下一个主题</h4>
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||
<p class="topless"><a href="email.message.html"
|
||
title="下一章"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message</span></code>: 表示一封电子邮件信息</a></p>
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<div role="note" aria-label="source link">
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<h3>本页</h3>
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rel="nofollow">显示源代码
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最后更新于 12月 09, 2024.
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<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
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