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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">faulthandler</span></code> —— 转储 Python 的跟踪信息</a><ul>
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<section id="module-faulthandler">
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<span id="faulthandler-dump-the-python-traceback"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-faulthandler" title="faulthandler: Dump the Python traceback."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">faulthandler</span></code></a> —— 转储 Python 的跟踪信息<a class="headerlink" href="#module-faulthandler" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.3 新版功能.</span></p>
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<p>当故障、超时或收到用户信号时，利用本模块内的函数可转储 Python 跟踪信息。调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#faulthandler.enable" title="faulthandler.enable"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">faulthandler.enable()</span></code></a> 可安装 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SIGSEGV</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SIGFPE</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SIGABRT</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SIGBUS</span></code> 和 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SIGILL</span></code> 信号的故障处理程序。通过设置 <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONFAULTHANDLER"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONFAULTHANDLER</span></code></a> 环境变量或 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#id5"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-X</span></code></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">faulthandler</span></code> 命令行参数，还可以在启动时开启这些设置。</p>
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<p>故障处理程序与操作系统的故障处理程序兼容，比如 Apport 或 Windows 故障处理程序等。如果 <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sigaltstack()</span></code> 函数可用，本模块将为信号处理程序使用备用堆栈。这样即便堆栈溢出也能转储跟踪信息。</p>
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<p>故障处理程序将在灾难性场合调用，因此只能使用信号安全的函数（比如不能在堆上分配内存）。由于这一限制，与正常的 Python 跟踪相比，转储量是最小的。</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>只支持 ASCII 码。编码时会用到 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">backslashreplace</span></code> 错误处理程序。</p></li>
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<li><p>每个字符串限制在 500 个字符以内。</p></li>
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<li><p>只会显式文件名、函数名和行号。（不显示源代码）</p></li>
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<li><p>上限是 100 页内存帧和 100 个线程。</p></li>
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<li><p>反序排列：最近的调用最先显示。</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>默认情况下，Python 的跟踪信息会写入 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.stderr" title="sys.stderr"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></code></a>。为了能看到跟踪信息，应用程序必须运行于终端中。日志文件也可以传给 <a class="reference internal" href="#faulthandler.enable" title="faulthandler.enable"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">faulthandler.enable()</span></code></a>。</p>
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<p>本模块是用 C 语言实现的，所以才能在崩溃或 Python 死锁时转储跟踪信息。</p>
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<section id="dumping-the-traceback">
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<h2>转储跟踪信息<a class="headerlink" href="#dumping-the-traceback" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="faulthandler.dump_traceback">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">faulthandler.</code><code class="sig-name descname">dump_traceback</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">file=sys.stderr</em>, <em class="sig-param">all_threads=True</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#faulthandler.dump_traceback" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>将所有线程的跟踪数据转储到 <em>file</em> 中。如果 <em>all_threads</em> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>，则只转储当前线程。</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.5 版更改: </span>增加了向本函数传入文件描述符的支持。</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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</section>
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<section id="fault-handler-state">
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<h2>错误处理程序的状态<a class="headerlink" href="#fault-handler-state" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="faulthandler.enable">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">faulthandler.</code><code class="sig-name descname">enable</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">file=sys.stderr</em>, <em class="sig-param">all_threads=True</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#faulthandler.enable" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>启用故障处理程序：为 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SIGSEGV</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SIGFPE</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SIGABRT</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SIGBUS</span></code> 和 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SIGILL</span></code> 信号安装处理程序，以转储 Python 跟踪信息。如果 <em>all_threads</em> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>，则会为每个运行中的线程生成跟踪信息。否则只转储当前线程。</p>
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<p>该 <em>文件</em> 必须保持打开状态，直至禁用故障处理程序为止：参见 <a class="reference internal" href="#faulthandler-fd"><span class="std std-ref">文件描述符相关话题</span></a>。</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.5 版更改: </span>增加了向本函数传入文件描述符的支持。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>在 Windows 系统中，同时会安装一个 Windows 异常处理程序。</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="faulthandler.disable">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">faulthandler.</code><code class="sig-name descname">disable</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#faulthandler.disable" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>停用故障处理程序：卸载由 <a class="reference internal" href="#faulthandler.enable" title="faulthandler.enable"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable()</span></code></a> 安装的信号处理程序。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="faulthandler.is_enabled">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">faulthandler.</code><code class="sig-name descname">is_enabled</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#faulthandler.is_enabled" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>检查故障处理程序是否被启用。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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</section>
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<section id="dumping-the-tracebacks-after-a-timeout">
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<h2>一定时间后转储跟踪数据。<a class="headerlink" href="#dumping-the-tracebacks-after-a-timeout" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="faulthandler.dump_traceback_later">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">faulthandler.</code><code class="sig-name descname">dump_traceback_later</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">timeout</em>, <em class="sig-param">repeat=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">file=sys.stderr</em>, <em class="sig-param">exit=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#faulthandler.dump_traceback_later" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>在 <em>timeout</em> 秒超时后，转储所有线程的跟踪信息，如果 <em>repeat</em> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>，则每隔 <em>timeout</em> 秒转储一次。如果 <em>exit</em> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>，则在转储跟踪信息后调用 <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_exit()</span></code>，参数 status=1。请注意， <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_exit()</span></code> 会立即关闭进程，这意味着不做任何清理工作，如刷新文件缓冲区等。如果调用两次函数，则新的调用将取代之前的参数，超时时间也会重置。计时器的精度为亚秒级。</p>
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<p><em>file</em> 必须保持打开状态，直至跟踪信息转储完毕，或调用了 <a class="reference internal" href="#faulthandler.cancel_dump_traceback_later" title="faulthandler.cancel_dump_traceback_later"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cancel_dump_traceback_later()</span></code></a> ：参见 <a class="reference internal" href="#faulthandler-fd"><span class="std std-ref">文件描述符相关话题</span></a>。</p>
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<p>本函数用一个看门狗线程实现。</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.7 版更改: </span>该函数现在总是可用。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.5 版更改: </span>增加了向本函数传入文件描述符的支持。</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="faulthandler.cancel_dump_traceback_later">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">faulthandler.</code><code class="sig-name descname">cancel_dump_traceback_later</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#faulthandler.cancel_dump_traceback_later" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>取消 <a class="reference internal" href="#faulthandler.dump_traceback_later" title="faulthandler.dump_traceback_later"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dump_traceback_later()</span></code></a> 的最后一次调用。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="dumping-the-traceback-on-a-user-signal">
|
||
<h2>转储用户信号的跟踪信息。<a class="headerlink" href="#dumping-the-traceback-on-a-user-signal" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="faulthandler.register">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">faulthandler.</code><code class="sig-name descname">register</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">signum</em>, <em class="sig-param">file=sys.stderr</em>, <em class="sig-param">all_threads=True</em>, <em class="sig-param">chain=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#faulthandler.register" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>注册一个用户信号：为 <em>signum</em> 信号安装一个处理程序，将所有线程或当前线程（<em>all_threads</em> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> 时）的跟踪信息转储到 <em>file</em> 中。如果 chain 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>，则调用前一个处理程序。</p>
|
||
<p><em>file</em> 必须保持打开状态，直至信号被 <a class="reference internal" href="#faulthandler.unregister" title="faulthandler.unregister"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unregister()</span></code></a> 注销：参见 <a class="reference internal" href="#faulthandler-fd"><span class="std std-ref">文件描述符相关话题</span></a>。</p>
|
||
<p>Windows 中不可用。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.5 版更改: </span>增加了向本函数传入文件描述符的支持。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="faulthandler.unregister">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">faulthandler.</code><code class="sig-name descname">unregister</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">signum</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#faulthandler.unregister" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>注销一个用户信号：卸载由 <a class="reference internal" href="#faulthandler.register" title="faulthandler.register"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">register()</span></code></a> 安装的 <em>signum</em> 信号处理程序。如果信号已注册，返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>，否则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>。</p>
|
||
<p>Windows 中不可用。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="issue-with-file-descriptors">
|
||
<span id="faulthandler-fd"></span><h2>文件描述符相关话题<a class="headerlink" href="#issue-with-file-descriptors" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#faulthandler.enable" title="faulthandler.enable"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable()</span></code></a> 、 <a class="reference internal" href="#faulthandler.dump_traceback_later" title="faulthandler.dump_traceback_later"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dump_traceback_later()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#faulthandler.register" title="faulthandler.register"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">register()</span></code></a> 保留其 <em>file</em> 参数给出的文件描述符。 如果文件关闭，文件描述符将被一个新文件重新使用；或者用 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.dup2" title="os.dup2"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.dup2()</span></code></a> 替换了文件描述符，则跟踪信息将被写入另一个文件。 每次文件被替换时，都会再次调用这些函数。</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="example">
|
||
<h2>示例<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>在 Linux 中启用和停用内存段故障的默认处理程序：</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>python3<span class="w"> </span>-c<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"import ctypes; ctypes.string_at(0)"</span>
|
||
<span class="go">Segmentation fault</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="gp">$ </span>python3<span class="w"> </span>-q<span class="w"> </span>-X<span class="w"> </span>faulthandler
|
||
<span class="go">>>> import ctypes</span>
|
||
<span class="go">>>> ctypes.string_at(0)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">Fatal Python error: Segmentation fault</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go">Current thread 0x00007fb899f39700 (most recent call first):</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> File "/home/python/cpython/Lib/ctypes/__init__.py", line 486 in string_at</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> File "<stdin>", line 1 in <module></span>
|
||
<span class="go">Segmentation fault</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
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|
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">目录</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">faulthandler</span></code> —— 转储 Python 的跟踪信息</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dumping-the-traceback">转储跟踪信息</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fault-handler-state">错误处理程序的状态</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dumping-the-tracebacks-after-a-timeout">一定时间后转储跟踪数据。</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dumping-the-traceback-on-a-user-signal">转储用户信号的跟踪信息。</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#issue-with-file-descriptors">文件描述符相关话题</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example">示例</a></li>
|
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最后更新于 12月 09, 2024.
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