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<section id="module-fnmatch">
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<span id="fnmatch-unix-filename-pattern-matching"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-fnmatch" title="fnmatch: Unix shell style filename pattern matching."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch</span></code></a> --- Unix 文件名模式匹配<a class="headerlink" href="#module-fnmatch" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>源代码:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/fnmatch.py">Lib/fnmatch.py</a></p>
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<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><hr class="docutils" id="index-1" />
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<p>此模块提供了 Unix shell 风格的通配符，它们 <em>并不</em> 等同于正则表达式（关于后者的文档参见 <a class="reference internal" href="re.html#module-re" title="re: Regular expression operations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code></a> 模块）。 shell 风格通配符所使用的特殊字符如下：</p>
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<table class="docutils align-default" id="index-2">
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<colgroup>
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<col style="width: 25%" />
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<col style="width: 75%" />
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</colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>模式</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>含义</p></th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>匹配所有</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">?</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>匹配任何单个字符</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[seq]</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>匹配 <em>seq</em> 中的任何字符</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[!seq]</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>匹配任何不在 <em>seq</em> 中的字符</p></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p>对于字面值匹配，请将原字符用方括号括起来。 例如，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'[?]'</span></code> 将匹配字符 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'?'</span></code>。</p>
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<p id="index-3">注意文件名分隔符 (Unix 上为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'/'</span></code>) <em>不会</em> 被此模块特别对待。 请参见 <a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> 模块了解文件名扩展 (<a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> 使用 <a class="reference internal" href="#fnmatch.filter" title="fnmatch.filter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filter()</span></code></a> 来匹配文件名的各个部分)。 类似地，以一个句点打头的文件名也不会被此模块特别对待，可以通过 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">?</span></code> 模式来匹配。</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="fnmatch.fnmatch">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">fnmatch.</code><code class="sig-name descname">fnmatch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">filename</em>, <em class="sig-param">pattern</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fnmatch.fnmatch" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>检测 <em>filename</em> 字符串是否匹配 <em>pattern</em> 字符串，返回 <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False" title="False"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code></a>。 两个形参都会使用 <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.normcase" title="os.path.normcase"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.normcase()</span></code></a> 进行大小写正规化。 <a class="reference internal" href="#fnmatch.fnmatchcase" title="fnmatch.fnmatchcase"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatchcase()</span></code></a> 可被用于执行大小写敏感的比较，无论这是否为所在操作系统的标准。</p>
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<p>这个例子将打印当前目录下带有扩展名 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.txt</span></code> 的所有文件名:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">fnmatch</span>
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<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
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<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">file</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.'</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">fnmatch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fnmatch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'*.txt'</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="fnmatch.fnmatchcase">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">fnmatch.</code><code class="sig-name descname">fnmatchcase</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">filename</em>, <em class="sig-param">pattern</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fnmatch.fnmatchcase" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>检测 <em>filename</em> 是否匹配 <em>pattern</em>，返回 <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False" title="False"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code></a>；此比较是大小写敏感的，并且不会应用 <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.normcase" title="os.path.normcase"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.normcase()</span></code></a>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="fnmatch.filter">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">fnmatch.</code><code class="sig-name descname">filter</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">names</em>, <em class="sig-param">pattern</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fnmatch.filter" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>基于可迭代对象 <em>names</em> 中匹配 <em>pattern</em> 的元素构造一个列表。 它等价于 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[n</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">n</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">names</span> <span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">fnmatch(n,</span> <span class="pre">pattern)]</span></code>，但实现得更有效率。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="fnmatch.translate">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">fnmatch.</code><code class="sig-name descname">translate</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">pattern</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fnmatch.translate" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>返回 shell 风格 <em>pattern</em> 转换成的正则表达式以便用于 <a class="reference internal" href="re.html#re.match" title="re.match"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re.match()</span></code></a>。</p>
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<p>示例:</p>
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<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">fnmatch</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">re</span>
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<span class="gp">>>></span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">regex</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fnmatch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">translate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'*.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">regex</span>
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<span class="go">'(?s:.*\\.txt)\\Z'</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">reobj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">regex</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">reobj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foobar.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go"><re.Match object; span=(0, 10), match='foobar.txt'></span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
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<dt>模块 <a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Unix shell 风格路径扩展。</p>
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