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<section id="top-level-components">
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<span id="top-level"></span><h1><span class="section-number">9. </span>最高层级组件<a class="headerlink" href="#top-level-components" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p id="index-0">Python 解释器可以从多种源获得输入：作为标准输入或程序参数传入的脚本，以交互方式键入的语句，导入的模块源文件等等。 这一章将给出在这些情况下所用的语法。</p>
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<section id="complete-python-programs">
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<span id="programs"></span><h2><span class="section-number">9.1. </span>完整的 Python 程序<a class="headerlink" href="#complete-python-programs" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<span class="target" id="index-1"></span><p id="index-2">虽然语言规范描述不必规定如何发起调用语言解释器，但对完整的 Python 程序加以说明还是很有用的。 一个完整的 Python 程序会在最小初始化环境中被执行：所有内置和标准模块均为可用，但均处于未初始化状态，只有 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code></a> (各种系统服务), <a class="reference internal" href="../library/builtins.html#module-builtins" title="builtins: The module that provides the built-in namespace."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">builtins</span></code></a> (内置函数、异常以及 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>) 和 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a> 除外。 最后一个模块用于为完整程序的执行提供局部和全局命名空间。</p>
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<p>适用于一个完整 Python 程序的语法即下节所描述的文件输入。</p>
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<p id="index-3">解释器也可以通过交互模式被发起调用；在此情况下，它并不读取和执行一个完整程序，而是每次读取和执行一条语句（可能为复合语句）。 此时的初始环境与一个完整程序的相同；每条语句会在 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a> 的命名空间中被执行。</p>
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<p id="index-4">一个完整程序可通过三种形式被传递给解释器：使用 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-c</span></code></a> <em>字符串</em> 命令行选项，使用一个文件作为第一个命令行参数，或者使用标准输入。 如果文件或标准输入是一个 tty 设置，解释器会进入交互模式；否则的话，它会将文件当作一个完整程序来执行。</p>
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</section>
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<section id="file-input">
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<span id="id1"></span><h2><span class="section-number">9.2. </span>文件输入<a class="headerlink" href="#file-input" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>所有从非交互式文件读取的输入都具有相同的形式:</p>
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<pre>
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<strong id="grammar-token-file-input">file_input</strong> ::= (NEWLINE | <a class="reference internal" href="compound_stmts.html#grammar-token-statement"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">statement</span></code></a>)*
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</pre>
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<p>此语法用于下列几种情况:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>解析一个完整 Python 程序时（从文件或字符串）；</p></li>
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<li><p>解析一个模块时；</p></li>
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<li><p>解析一个传递给 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#exec" title="exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code></a> 函数的字符串时；</p></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section id="interactive-input">
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<span id="interactive"></span><h2><span class="section-number">9.3. </span>交互式输入<a class="headerlink" href="#interactive-input" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>交互模式下的输入使用以下语法进行解析:</p>
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<pre>
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<strong id="grammar-token-interactive-input">interactive_input</strong> ::= [<a class="reference internal" href="compound_stmts.html#grammar-token-stmt-list"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stmt_list</span></code></a>] NEWLINE | <a class="reference internal" href="compound_stmts.html#grammar-token-compound-stmt"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compound_stmt</span></code></a> NEWLINE
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</pre>
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<p>请注意在交互模式下一条（最高层级）复合语句必须带有一个空行；这对于帮助解析器确定输入的结束是必须的。</p>
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</section>
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<section id="expression-input">
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<span id="id2"></span><h2><span class="section-number">9.4. </span>表达式输入<a class="headerlink" href="#expression-input" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<span class="target" id="index-5"></span><p id="index-6"><a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#eval" title="eval"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eval()</span></code></a> 被用于表达式输入。 它会忽略开头的空白。 传递给 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#eval" title="eval"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eval()</span></code></a> 的字符串参数必须具有以下形式:</p>
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<pre>
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<strong id="grammar-token-eval-input">eval_input</strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="expressions.html#grammar-token-expression-list"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expression_list</span></code></a> NEWLINE*
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">9. 最高层级组件</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#complete-python-programs">9.1. 完整的 Python 程序</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-input">9.2. 文件输入</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#interactive-input">9.3. 交互式输入</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#expression-input">9.4. 表达式输入</a></li>
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最后更新于 12月 09, 2024.
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