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你应当升级版本，并阅读
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<span id="tutorial-index"></span><h1>Python 教程<a class="headerlink" href="#the-python-tutorial" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p>Python 是一种易于学习又功能强大的编程语言。它提供了高效的高级数据结构，还能简单有效地面向对象编程。Python 优雅的语法和动态类型，以及解释型语言的本质，使它成为多数平台上写脚本和快速开发应用的理想语言。</p>
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<p>Python 解释器及丰富的标准库，提供了适用于各个主要系统平台的源码或机器码，这些可以到 Python 官网 <a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/">https://www.python.org/</a> 免费获取，并可自由地分发。许多免费的第三方 Python 模块、程序、工具和它们的文档，也能在这个网站上找到对应内容或链接。</p>
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<p>Python 解释器易于扩展，可以使用 C 或 C++（或者其他可以从 C 调用的语言）扩展新的功能和数据类型。Python 也可用作可定制化软件中的扩展程序语言。</p>
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<p>这个教程非正式地介绍了 Python 语言和系统的基本概念和功能。最好在阅读的时候准备一个 Python 解释器进行练习。所有的例子都是相互独立的，所以这个教程也可以离线阅读。</p>
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<p>有关标准的对象和模块，请参阅 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/index.html#library-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python 标准库</span></a>。<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index.html#reference-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python语言参考</span></a> 提供了更正式的语言定义。想要编写 C 或者 C++ 扩展可以参考 <a class="reference internal" href="../extending/index.html#extending-index"><span class="std std-ref">扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器</span></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/index.html#c-api-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python/C API 参考手册</span></a>。另外还有不少书籍深入讲解 Python。</p>
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<p>这个教程并没有完整地介绍每一个功能，甚至可能没有涉及全部的常用功能。这个教程只介绍 Python 中最值得注意的功能，也会让你体会到这个语言的风格特色。学习完这个教程，你将可以阅读和编写 Python 模块和程序，也可以开始学习 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/index.html#library-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python 标准库</span></a>。</p>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#glossary"><span class="std std-ref">术语对照表</span></a> 也很值得一读。</p>
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<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="appetite.html">1. 课前甜点</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html">2. 使用 Python 的解释器</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#invoking-the-interpreter">2.1. 唤出解释器</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#argument-passing">2.1.1. 传入参数</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#interactive-mode">2.1.2. 交互模式</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#the-interpreter-and-its-environment">2.2. 解释器的运行环境</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#source-code-encoding">2.2.1. 源文件的字符编码</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html">3. Python 速览</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator">3.1. Python 用作计算器</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#numbers">3.1.1. 数字</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#strings">3.1.2. 字符串</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#lists">3.1.3. 列表</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#first-steps-towards-programming">3.2. 走向编程的第一步</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html">4. 更多控制流工具</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#if-statements">4.1. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> 语句</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#for-statements">4.2. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span></code> 语句</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#the-range-function">4.3. <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range()</span></code> 函数</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#break-and-continue-statements-and-else-clauses-on-loops">4.4. 循环中的 <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break</span></code>、<code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code> 语句及 <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code> 子句</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#pass-statements">4.5. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pass</span></code> 语句</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#defining-functions">4.6. 定义函数</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#more-on-defining-functions">4.7. 函数定义详解</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#default-argument-values">4.7.1. 默认值参数</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#keyword-arguments">4.7.2. 关键字参数</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#special-parameters">4.7.3. 特殊参数</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#positional-or-keyword-arguments">4.7.3.1. 位置或关键字参数</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#positional-only-parameters">4.7.3.2. 仅位置参数</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#keyword-only-arguments">4.7.3.3. 仅限关键字参数</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#function-examples">4.7.3.4. 函数示例</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#recap">4.7.3.5. 小结</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#arbitrary-argument-lists">4.7.4. 任意实参列表</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#unpacking-argument-lists">4.7.5. 解包实参列表</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#lambda-expressions">4.7.6. Lambda 表达式</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#documentation-strings">4.7.7. 文档字符串</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#function-annotations">4.7.8. 函数注解</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#intermezzo-coding-style">4.8. 小插曲：编码风格</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html">5. 数据结构</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#more-on-lists">5.1. 列表详解</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#using-lists-as-stacks">5.1.1. 用列表实现堆栈</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#using-lists-as-queues">5.1.2. 用列表实现队列</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#list-comprehensions">5.1.3. 列表推导式</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#nested-list-comprehensions">5.1.4. 嵌套的列表推导式</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#the-del-statement">5.2. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span></code> 语句</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences">5.3. 元组和序列</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#sets">5.4. 集合</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#dictionaries">5.5. 字典</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#looping-techniques">5.6. 循环的技巧</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#more-on-conditions">5.7. 深入条件控制</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#comparing-sequences-and-other-types">5.8. 序列和其他类型的比较</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html">6. 模块</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#more-on-modules">6.1. 模块详解</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#executing-modules-as-scripts">6.1.1. 以脚本方式执行模块</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#the-module-search-path">6.1.2. 模块搜索路径</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#compiled-python-files">6.1.3. “已编译的” Python 文件</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#standard-modules">6.2. 标准模块</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#the-dir-function">6.3. <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir()</span></code> 函数</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#packages">6.4. 包</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#importing-from-a-package">6.4.1. 从包中导入 *</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#intra-package-references">6.4.2. 相对导入</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#packages-in-multiple-directories">6.4.3. 多目录中的包</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html">7. 输入与输出</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#fancier-output-formatting">7.1. 更复杂的输出格式</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#formatted-string-literals">7.1.1. 格式化字符串字面值</a></li>
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