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<section id="embedding-python-in-another-application">
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<span id="embedding"></span><h1><span class="section-number">1. </span>在其它应用程序嵌入 Python<a class="headerlink" href="#embedding-python-in-another-application" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p>前几章讨论了如何对 Python 进行扩展，也就是如何用 C 函数库 扩展 Python 的功能。反过来也是可以的：将 Python 嵌入到 C/C++ 应用程序中丰富其功能。这种嵌入可以让应用程序用 Python 来实现某些功能，而不是用 C 或 C++ 。用途会有很多；比如允许用户用 Python 编写一些脚本，以便定制应用程序满足需求。如果某些功能用 Python 编写起来更为容易，那么开发人员自己也能这么干。</p>
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<p>Python 的嵌入类似于扩展，但不完全相同。不同之处在于，扩展 Python 时应用程序的主程序仍然是 Python 解释器，而嵌入 Python 时的主程序可能与 Python 完全无关——而是应用程序的某些部分偶尔会调用 Python 解释器来运行一些 Python 代码。</p>
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<p>因此，若要嵌入 Python，就要提供自己的主程序。此主程序要做的事情之一就是初始化 Python 解释器。至少得调用函数 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/init.html#c.Py_Initialize" title="Py_Initialize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_Initialize()</span></code></a>。还有些可选的调用可向 Python 传递命令行参数。之后即可从应用程序的任何地方调用解释器了。</p>
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<p>调用解释器的方式有好几种：可向 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#c.PyRun_SimpleString" title="PyRun_SimpleString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleString()</span></code></a> 传入一个包含 Python 语句的字符串，也可向 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#c.PyRun_SimpleFile" title="PyRun_SimpleFile"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleFile()</span></code></a> 传入一个 stdio 文件指针和一个文件名（仅在错误信息中起到识别作用）。还可以调用前面介绍过的底层操作来构造并使用 Python 对象。</p>
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<div class="admonition seealso">
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<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
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<dl class="simple">
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||
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/index.html#c-api-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python/C API 参考手册</span></a></dt><dd><p>本文详细介绍了 Python 的 C 接口。这里有大量必要的信息。</p>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<section id="very-high-level-embedding">
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<span id="high-level-embedding"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.1. </span>高层次的嵌入<a class="headerlink" href="#very-high-level-embedding" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>最简单的 Python 嵌入形式就是采用非常高层的接口。该接口的目标是只执行一段 Python 脚本，而无需与应用程序直接交互。比如以下代码可以用来对某个文件进行一些操作。</p>
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<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN</span>
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<span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><Python.h></span>
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<span class="kt">int</span>
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<span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[])</span>
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<span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">wchar_t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_DecodeLocale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Fatal error: cannot decode argv[0]</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_SetProgramName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* optional but recommended */</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_Initialize</span><span class="p">();</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyRun_SimpleString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"from time import time,ctime</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"print('Today is', ctime(time()))</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Py_FinalizeEx</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyMem_RawFree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<span class="p">}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>在 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/init.html#c.Py_Initialize" title="Py_Initialize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_Initialize()</span></code></a> 之前，应该先调用 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/init.html#c.Py_SetProgramName" title="Py_SetProgramName"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_SetProgramName()</span></code></a> 函数，以便向解释器告知 Python运行库的路径。接下来，<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/init.html#c.Py_Initialize" title="Py_Initialize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_Initialize()</span></code></a> 会初始化 Python 解释器，然后执行硬编码的 Python 脚本，打印出日期和时间。之后，调用 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/init.html#c.Py_FinalizeEx" title="Py_FinalizeEx"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_FinalizeEx()</span></code></a> 关闭解释器，程序结束。在真实的程序中，可能需要从其他来源获取 Python 脚本，或许是从文本编辑器例程、文件，或者某个数据库。利用 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#c.PyRun_SimpleFile" title="PyRun_SimpleFile"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleFile()</span></code></a> 函数可以更好地从文件中获取 Python 代码，可省去分配内存空间和加载文件内容的麻烦。</p>
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</section>
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<section id="beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview">
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<span id="lower-level-embedding"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.2. </span>突破高层次嵌入的限制：概述<a class="headerlink" href="#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>高级接口能从应用程序中执行任何 Python 代码，但至少交换数据可说是相当麻烦的。如若需要交换数据，应使用较低级别的调用。几乎可以实现任何功能，代价是得写更多的 C 代码。</p>
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<p>应该注意，尽管意图不同，但扩展 Python 和嵌入 Python 的过程相当类似。前几章中讨论的大多数主题依然有效。为了说明这一点，不妨来看一下从 Python 到 C 的扩展代码到底做了什么：</p>
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<ol class="arabic simple">
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<li><p>转换 Python 的数据值到 C,</p></li>
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<li><p>用转换后的数据执行 C 程序的函数调用，以及</p></li>
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||
<li><p>将调用返回的数据从 C 转换为 Python 格式。</p></li>
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</ol>
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<p>嵌入 Python 时，接口代码会这样做：</p>
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<ol class="arabic simple">
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<li><p>转换 C 的数据值到 Python,</p></li>
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||
<li><p>用转换后的数据执行对 Python 接口的函数调用，</p></li>
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||
<li><p>将调用返回的数据从 Python 转换为 C 格式。</p></li>
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</ol>
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<p>可见只是数据转换的步骤交换了一下顺序，以顺应跨语言的传输方向。唯一的区别是在两次数据转换之间调用的函数不同。在执行扩展时，调用一个 C 函数，而执行嵌入时调用的是个 Python 函数。</p>
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<p>本文不会讨论如何将数据从 Python 转换到 C 去，反之亦然。另外还假定读者能够正确使用引用并处理错误。由于这些地方与解释器的扩展没有区别，请参考前面的章节以获得所需的信息。</p>
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</section>
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<section id="pure-embedding">
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<span id="id1"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.3. </span>纯嵌入<a class="headerlink" href="#pure-embedding" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>第一个程序的目标是执行 Python 脚本中的某个函数。就像高层次接口那样，Python 解释器并不会直接与应用程序进行交互（但下一节将改变这一点）。</p>
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<p>要运行 Python 脚本中定义的函数，代码如下：</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN</span>
|
||
<span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><Python.h></span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="kt">int</span>
|
||
<span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[])</span>
|
||
<span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pName</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pArgs</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"Usage: call pythonfile funcname [args]</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_Initialize</span><span class="p">();</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* Error checking of pName left out */</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyImport_Import</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pName</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pName</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject_GetAttrString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* pFunc is a new reference */</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyCallable_Check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pArgs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyTuple_New</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyLong_FromLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">atoi</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]));</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pArgs</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Cannot convert argument</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* pValue reference stolen here: */</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyTuple_SetItem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pArgs</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject_CallObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pArgs</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pArgs</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Result of call: %ld</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyLong_AsLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="p">));</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyErr_Print</span><span class="p">();</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"Call failed</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyErr_Occurred</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyErr_Print</span><span class="p">();</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Cannot find function </span><span class="se">\"</span><span class="s">%s</span><span class="se">\"\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_XDECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyErr_Print</span><span class="p">();</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Failed to load </span><span class="se">\"</span><span class="s">%s</span><span class="se">\"\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]);</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Py_FinalizeEx</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="p">}</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>上述代码先利用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argv[1]</span></code> 加载 Python 脚本，再调用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argv[2]</span></code> 指定的函数。函数的整数参数是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argv</span></code> 数组中的其余值。如果 <a class="reference internal" href="#compiling"><span class="std std-ref">编译并链接</span></a> 该程序（此处将最终的可执行程序称作 <strong class="program">call</strong>）, 并用它执行一个 Python 脚本，例如：</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">multiply</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Will compute"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"times"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
|
||
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span>
|
||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">c</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>然后结果应该是:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>call<span class="w"> </span>multiply<span class="w"> </span>multiply<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span>
|
||
<span class="go">Will compute 3 times 2</span>
|
||
<span class="go">Result of call: 6</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>尽管相对其功能而言，该程序体积相当庞大，但大部分代码是用于 Python 和 C 之间的数据转换，以及报告错误。嵌入 Python 的有趣部分从此开始：</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Py_Initialize</span><span class="p">();</span>
|
||
<span class="n">pName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]);</span>
|
||
<span class="cm">/* Error checking of pName left out */</span>
|
||
<span class="n">pModule</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyImport_Import</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pName</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>初始化解释器之后，则用 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/import.html#c.PyImport_Import" title="PyImport_Import"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_Import()</span></code></a> 加载脚本。此函数的参数需是个 Python 字符串，一个用 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/unicode.html#c.PyUnicode_FromString" title="PyUnicode_FromString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_FromString()</span></code></a> 数据转换函数构建的字符串。</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject_GetAttrString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]);</span>
|
||
<span class="cm">/* pFunc is a new reference */</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyCallable_Check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span>
|
||
<span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="n">Py_XDECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>脚本一旦加载完毕，就会用 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/object.html#c.PyObject_GetAttrString" title="PyObject_GetAttrString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GetAttrString()</span></code></a> 查找属性名称。如果名称存在，并且返回的是可调用对象，即可安全地视其为函数。然后程序继续执行，照常构建由参数组成的元组。然后用以下方式调用 Python 函数：</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject_CallObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pArgs</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>当函数返回时，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pValue</span></code> 要么为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>，要么包含对函数返回值的引用。请确保用完后释放该引用。</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="extending-embedded-python">
|
||
<span id="extending-with-embedding"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.4. </span>对嵌入 Python 功能进行扩展<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-embedded-python" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>到目前为止，嵌入的 Python 解释器还不能访问应用程序本身的功能。Python API 通过扩展嵌入解释器实现了这一点。 也就是说，用应用程序提供的函数对嵌入的解释器进行扩展。虽然听起来有些复杂，但也没那么糟糕。只要暂时忘记是应用程序启动了 Python 解释器。而把应用程序看作是一堆子程序，然后写一些胶水代码让 Python 访问这些子程序，就像编写普通的 Python 扩展程序一样。 例如：</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="cm">/* Return the number of arguments of the application command line */</span>
|
||
<span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="o">*</span>
|
||
<span class="nf">emb_numargs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">PyArg_ParseTuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">":numargs"</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyLong_FromLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">numargs</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="p">}</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyMethodDef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EmbMethods</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s">"numargs"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">emb_numargs</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">METH_VARARGS</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Return the number of arguments received by the process."</span><span class="p">},</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="p">};</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyModuleDef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EmbModule</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"emb"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">-1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EmbMethods</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span>
|
||
<span class="p">};</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="o">*</span>
|
||
<span class="nf">PyInit_emb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyModule_Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">EmbModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
<span class="p">}</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>在 <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">main()</span></code> 函数之前插入上述代码。并在调用 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/init.html#c.Py_Initialize" title="Py_Initialize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_Initialize()</span></code></a> 之前插入以下两条语句：</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">numargs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="n">PyImport_AppendInittab</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"emb"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">PyInit_emb</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>这两行代码初始化了 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numargs</span></code> 变量，并让 <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">emb.numargs()</span></code> 函数能被嵌入的 Python 解释器访问到。有了这些扩展，Python 脚本可以执行类似以下功能：</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">emb</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Number of arguments"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">emb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">numargs</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>在真实的应用程序中，这种方法将把应用的 API 暴露给 Python 使用。</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="embedding-python-in-c">
|
||
<span id="embeddingincplusplus"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.5. </span>在 C++ 中嵌入 Python<a class="headerlink" href="#embedding-python-in-c" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>还可以将 Python 嵌入到 C++ 程序中去；确切地说，实现方式将取决于 C++ 系统的实现细节；一般需用 C++ 编写主程序，并用 C++ 编译器来编译和链接 程序。不需要用 C++ 重新编译 Python 本身。</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems">
|
||
<span id="compiling"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.6. </span>在类 Unix 系统中编译和链接<a class="headerlink" href="#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>为了将 Python 解释器嵌入应用程序，找到正确的编译参数传给编译器 (和链接器) 并非易事，特别是因为 Python 加载的库模块是以 C 动态扩展（<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.so</span></code> 文件）的形式实现的。</p>
|
||
<p>为了得到所需的编译器和链接器参数，可执行 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span><em><span class="pre">X.Y</span></em><span class="pre">-config</span></code> 脚本，它是在安装 Python 时生成的（也可能存在 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python3-config</span></code> 脚本）。该脚本有几个参数，其中以下几个参数会直接有用：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pythonX.Y-config</span> <span class="pre">--cflags</span></code> 将给出建议的编译参数。</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>/opt/bin/python3.4-config<span class="w"> </span>--cflags
|
||
<span class="go">-I/opt/include/python3.4m -I/opt/include/python3.4m -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pythonX.Y-config</span> <span class="pre">--ldflags</span></code> 将给出建议的链接参数。</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>/opt/bin/python3.4-config<span class="w"> </span>--ldflags
|
||
<span class="go">-L/opt/lib/python3.4/config-3.4m -lpthread -ldl -lutil -lm -lpython3.4m -Xlinker -export-dynamic</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
|
||
<p>为了避免多个 Python 安装版本引发混乱（特别是在系统安装版本和自己编译版本之间），建议用 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span><em><span class="pre">X.Y</span></em><span class="pre">-config</span></code> 指定绝对路径，如上例所述。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>如果上述方案不起作用（不能保证对所有 Unix 类平台都生效；欢迎提出 <a class="reference internal" href="../bugs.html#reporting-bugs"><span class="std std-ref">bug 报告</span></a>），就得阅读系统关于动态链接的文档，并检查 Python 的 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Makefile</span></code> （用 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sysconfig.html#sysconfig.get_makefile_filename" title="sysconfig.get_makefile_filename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sysconfig.get_makefile_filename()</span></code></a> 找到所在位置）和编译参数。这时 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sysconfig.html#module-sysconfig" title="sysconfig: Python's configuration information"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sysconfig</span></code></a> 模块会是个有用的工具，可用编程方式提取需组合在一起的配置值。比如：</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sysconfig</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">sysconfig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_config_var</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'LIBS'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'-lpthread -ldl -lutil'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">sysconfig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_config_var</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'LINKFORSHARED'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'-Xlinker -export-dynamic'</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
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||
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|
||
<h3><a href="../contents.html">目录</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">1. 在其它应用程序嵌入 Python</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#very-high-level-embedding">1.1. 高层次的嵌入</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview">1.2. 突破高层次嵌入的限制：概述</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pure-embedding">1.3. 纯嵌入</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#extending-embedded-python">1.4. 对嵌入 Python 功能进行扩展</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#embedding-python-in-c">1.5. 在 C++ 中嵌入 Python</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems">1.6. 在类 Unix 系统中编译和链接</a></li>
|
||
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最后更新于 12月 09, 2024.
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