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<section id="module-concurrent.futures">
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<span id="concurrent-futures-launching-parallel-tasks"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-concurrent.futures" title="concurrent.futures: Execute computations concurrently using threads or processes."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures</span></code></a> --- 启动并行任务<a class="headerlink" href="#module-concurrent.futures" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.2 新版功能.</span></p>
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<p><strong>源码:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/concurrent/futures/thread.py">Lib/concurrent/futures/thread.py</a> 和 <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/concurrent/futures/process.py">Lib/concurrent/futures/process.py</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-concurrent.futures" title="concurrent.futures: Execute computations concurrently using threads or processes."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures</span></code></a> 模块提供异步执行可调用对象高层接口。</p>
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<p>异步执行可以由 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ThreadPoolExecutor</span></code></a> 使用线程或由 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ProcessPoolExecutor</span></code></a> 使用单独的进程来实现。 两者都是实现抽象类 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="concurrent.futures.Executor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor</span></code></a> 定义的接口。</p>
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<section id="executor-objects">
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<h2>Executor 对象<a class="headerlink" href="#executor-objects" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<dl class="class">
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<dt id="concurrent.futures.Executor">
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">concurrent.futures.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Executor</code><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>抽象类提供异步执行调用方法。要通过它的子类调用，而不是直接调用。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<div><dl class="method">
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<dt id="concurrent.futures.Executor.submit">
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<code class="sig-name descname">submit</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">fn</em>, <em class="sig-param">*args</em>, <em class="sig-param">**kwargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor.submit" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>调度可调用对象 <em>fn</em>，以 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fn(*args</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs)</span></code> 方式执行并返回 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 对像代表可调用对象的执行。:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">ThreadPoolExecutor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_workers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">future</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">executor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">submit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">323</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1235</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">future</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">())</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="concurrent.futures.Executor.map">
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<code class="sig-name descname">map</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">func</em>, <em class="sig-param">*iterables</em>, <em class="sig-param">timeout=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">chunksize=1</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor.map" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>类似于 <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#map" title="map"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">map(func,</span> <span class="pre">*iterables)</span></code></a> 函数，除了以下两点：</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p><em>iterables</em> 是立即执行而不是延迟执行的；</p></li>
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<li><p><em>func</em> 是异步执行的，对 <em>func</em> 的多个调用可以并发执行。</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>如果从原始调用到 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor.map" title="concurrent.futures.Executor.map"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor.map()</span></code></a> 经过 <em>timeout</em> 秒后， <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#iterator.__next__" title="iterator.__next__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__next__()</span></code></a> 已被调用且返回的结果还不可用，那么已返回的迭代器将触发 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.TimeoutError" title="concurrent.futures.TimeoutError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures.TimeoutError</span></code></a> 。 <em>timeout</em> 可以是整数或浮点数。如果 <em>timeout</em> 没有指定或为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> ，则没有超时限制。</p>
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<p>如果 <em>func</em> 调用引发一个异常，当从迭代器中取回它的值时这个异常将被引发。</p>
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<p>使用 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ProcessPoolExecutor</span></code></a> 时，这个方法会将 <em>iterables</em> 分割任务块并作为独立的任务并提交到执行池中。这些块的大概数量可以由 <em>chunksize</em> 指定正整数设置。 对很长的迭代器来说，使用大的 <em>chunksize</em> 值比默认值 1 能显著地提高性能。 <em>chunksize</em> 对 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ThreadPoolExecutor</span></code></a> 没有效果。</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.5 版更改: </span>加入 <em>chunksize</em> 参数。</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="concurrent.futures.Executor.shutdown">
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<code class="sig-name descname">shutdown</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">wait=True</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor.shutdown" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>当待执行的 future 对象完成执行后向执行者发送信号，它就会释放正在使用的任何资源。 在关闭后调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor.submit" title="concurrent.futures.Executor.submit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor.submit()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor.map" title="concurrent.futures.Executor.map"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor.map()</span></code></a> 将会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a>。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <em>wait</em> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> 则此方法只有在所有待执行的 future 对象完成执行且释放已分配的资源后才会返回。 如果 <em>wait</em> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>，方法立即返回，所有待执行的 future 对象完成执行后会释放已分配的资源。 不管 <em>wait</em> 的值是什么，整个 Python 程序将等到所有待执行的 future 对象完成执行后才退出。</p>
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||
<p>如果使用 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code></a> 语句，你就可以避免显式调用这个方法，它将会停止 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="concurrent.futures.Executor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor</span></code></a> (就好像 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor.shutdown" title="concurrent.futures.Executor.shutdown"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor.shutdown()</span></code></a> 调用时 <em>wait</em> 设为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> 一样等待):</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">shutil</span>
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<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">ThreadPoolExecutor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_workers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span>
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||
<span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">submit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'src1.txt'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'dest1.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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||
<span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">submit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'src2.txt'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'dest2.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">submit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'src3.txt'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'dest3.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">submit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'src4.txt'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'dest4.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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|
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</div></blockquote>
|
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</dd></dl>
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</section>
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<section id="threadpoolexecutor">
|
||
<h2>ThreadPoolExecutor<a class="headerlink" href="#threadpoolexecutor" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ThreadPoolExecutor</span></code></a> 是 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="concurrent.futures.Executor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor</span></code></a> 的子类，它使用线程池来异步执行调用。</p>
|
||
<p>当可调用对象已关联了一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 然后在等待另一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 的结果时就会导致死锁情况。例如:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">wait_on_b</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||
<span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="c1"># b will never complete because it is waiting on a.</span>
|
||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">5</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">wait_on_a</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||
<span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="c1"># a will never complete because it is waiting on b.</span>
|
||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">6</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">executor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ThreadPoolExecutor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_workers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">executor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">submit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wait_on_b</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">executor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">submit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wait_on_a</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>与:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">wait_on_future</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||
<span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">executor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">submit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="c1"># This will never complete because there is only one worker thread and</span>
|
||
<span class="c1"># it is executing this function.</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">executor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ThreadPoolExecutor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_workers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">executor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">submit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wait_on_future</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<dl class="class">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor">
|
||
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">concurrent.futures.</code><code class="sig-name descname">ThreadPoolExecutor</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">max_workers=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">thread_name_prefix=''</em>, <em class="sig-param">initializer=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">initargs=()</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="concurrent.futures.Executor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor</span></code></a> 子类使用最多 <em>max_workers</em> 个线程的线程池来异步执行调用。</p>
|
||
<p><em>initializer</em> 是在每个工作者线程开始处调用的一个可选可调用对象。 <em>initargs</em> 是传递给初始化器的元组参数。任何向池提交更多工作的尝试， <em>initializer</em> 都将引发一个异常，当前所有等待的工作都会引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.thread.BrokenThreadPool" title="concurrent.futures.thread.BrokenThreadPool"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BrokenThreadPool</span></code></a>。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.5 版更改: </span>如果 <em>max_workers</em> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> 或没有指定，将默认为机器处理器的个数，假如 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ThreadPoolExecutor</span></code></a> 侧重于I/O操作而不是CPU运算，那么可以乘以 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">5</span></code> ，同时工作线程的数量可以比 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ProcessPoolExecutor</span></code></a> 的数量高。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.6 新版功能: </span>添加 <em>thread_name_prefix</em> 参数允许用户控制由线程池创建的 <a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#threading.Thread" title="threading.Thread"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading.Thread</span></code></a> 工作线程名称以方便调试。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.7 版更改: </span>加入 <em>initializer</em> 和*initargs* 参数。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.8 版更改: </span><em>max_workers</em> 的默认值已改为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">min(32,</span> <span class="pre">os.cpu_count()</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">4)</span></code>。 这个默认值会保留至少 5 个工作线程用于 I/O 密集型任务。 对于那些释放了 GIL 的 CPU 密集型任务，它最多会使用 32 个 CPU 核心。这样能够避免在多核机器上不知不觉地使用大量资源。</p>
|
||
<p>现在 ThreadPoolExecutor 在启动 <em>max_workers</em> 个工作线程之前也会重用空闲的工作线程。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<section id="threadpoolexecutor-example">
|
||
<span id="id1"></span><h3>ThreadPoolExecutor 例子<a class="headerlink" href="#threadpoolexecutor-example" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">concurrent.futures</span>
|
||
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">urllib.request</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">URLS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'http://www.foxnews.com/'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'http://www.cnn.com/'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'http://europe.wsj.com/'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'http://www.bbc.co.uk/'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'http://nonexistant-subdomain.python.org/'</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="c1"># Retrieve a single page and report the URL and contents</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">timeout</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">urllib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">urlopen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">timeout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">timeout</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="c1"># We can use a with statement to ensure threads are cleaned up promptly</span>
|
||
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">concurrent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">futures</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ThreadPoolExecutor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_workers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="c1"># Start the load operations and mark each future with its URL</span>
|
||
<span class="n">future_to_url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">executor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">submit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">load_url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">url</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">url</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">URLS</span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">future</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">concurrent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">futures</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_completed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">future_to_url</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">future_to_url</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">future</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
||
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">future</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">exc</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%r</span><span class="s1"> generated an exception: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exc</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%r</span><span class="s1"> page is </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s1"> bytes'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)))</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="processpoolexecutor">
|
||
<h2>ProcessPoolExecutor<a class="headerlink" href="#processpoolexecutor" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ProcessPoolExecutor</span></code></a> 类是 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="concurrent.futures.Executor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor</span></code></a> 的子类，它使用进程池来异步地执行调用。 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ProcessPoolExecutor</span></code></a> 会使用 <a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing" title="multiprocessing: Process-based parallelism."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code></a> 模块，这允许它绕过 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-global-interpreter-lock"><span class="xref std std-term">全局解释器锁</span></a> 但也意味着只可以处理和返回可封存的对象。</p>
|
||
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> 模块必须可以被工作者子进程导入。这意味着 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ProcessPoolExecutor</span></code></a> 不可以工作在交互式解释器中。</p>
|
||
<p>从可调用对象中调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="concurrent.futures.Executor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 的方法提交给 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ProcessPoolExecutor</span></code></a> 会导致死锁。</p>
|
||
<dl class="class">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor">
|
||
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">concurrent.futures.</code><code class="sig-name descname">ProcessPoolExecutor</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">max_workers=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">mp_context=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">initializer=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">initargs=()</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="concurrent.futures.Executor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor</span></code></a> 子类使用最多由 <em>max_workers</em> 个进程组成的进程池异步执行调用。 如果 <em>max_workers</em> 是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> 或未给出，则默认为机器上的处理器数量。如果 <em>max_workers</em> 小于或等于 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> ，则会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> 。在 Windows 系统中，<em>max_workers</em> 必须小于或等于 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">61</span></code> ，否则会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> 。如果 <em>max_workers</em> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> ，则默认情况下最大为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">61</span></code> ，即使有更多的处理器可用。<em>mp_context</em> 可以是多进程上下文，也可以是 None。它将用于启动工作者。如果 <em>mp_context</em> 为``None`` 或未给出，则使用默认的多进程上下文。</p>
|
||
<p><em>initializer</em> 是一个可选的可调用对象，它会在每个工作进程启动时被调用；<em>initargs</em> 是传给 initializer 的参数元组。 如果 <em>initializer</em> 引发了异常，则所有当前在等待的任务以及任何向进程池提交更多任务的尝试都将引发 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.process.BrokenProcessPool" title="concurrent.futures.process.BrokenProcessPool"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BrokenProcessPool</span></code></a>。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.3 版更改: </span>如果其中一个工作进程被突然终止，<code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BrokenProcessPool</span></code> 就会马上触发。 可预计的行为没有定义，但执行器上的操作或它的 future 对象会被冻结或死锁。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.7 版更改: </span>添加 <em>mp_context</em> 参数允许用户控制由进程池创建给工作者进程的开始方法 。</p>
|
||
<p>加入 <em>initializer</em> 和*initargs* 参数。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<section id="processpoolexecutor-example">
|
||
<span id="id2"></span><h3>ProcessPoolExecutor 例子<a class="headerlink" href="#processpoolexecutor-example" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">concurrent.futures</span>
|
||
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">math</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">PRIMES</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
|
||
<span class="mi">112272535095293</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="mi">112582705942171</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="mi">112272535095293</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="mi">115280095190773</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="mi">115797848077099</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="mi">1099726899285419</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">is_prime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
|
||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
|
||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">sqrt_n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">floor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sqrt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)))</span>
|
||
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sqrt_n</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
|
||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">concurrent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">futures</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ProcessPoolExecutor</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">executor</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">number</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">prime</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PRIMES</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">executor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">is_prime</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PRIMES</span><span class="p">)):</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s1"> is prime: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">number</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">prime</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="future-objects">
|
||
<h2>Future 对象<a class="headerlink" href="#future-objects" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 类将可调用对象封装为异步执行。<a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 实例由 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor.submit" title="concurrent.futures.Executor.submit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor.submit()</span></code></a> 创建。</p>
|
||
<dl class="class">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.Future">
|
||
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">concurrent.futures.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Future</code><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>将可调用对象封装为异步执行。<a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 实例由 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor.submit" title="concurrent.futures.Executor.submit"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor.submit()</span></code></a> 创建，除非测试，不应直接创建。</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.Future.cancel">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">cancel</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Future.cancel" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>尝试取消调用。 如果调用正在执行或已结束运行不能被取消则该方法将返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>，否则调用会被取消并且该方法将返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.Future.cancelled">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">cancelled</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Future.cancelled" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果调用成功取消返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.Future.running">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">running</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Future.running" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果调用正在执行而且不能被取消那么返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> 。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.Future.done">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">done</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Future.done" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果调用已被取消或正常结束那么返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.Future.result">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">result</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">timeout=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Future.result" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>返回调用返回的值。如果调用还没完成那么这个方法将等待 <em>timeout</em> 秒。如果在 <em>timeout</em> 秒内没有执行完成，<a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.TimeoutError" title="concurrent.futures.TimeoutError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures.TimeoutError</span></code></a> 将会被触发。<em>timeout</em> 可以是整数或浮点数。如果 <em>timeout</em> 没有指定或为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>，那么等待时间就没有限制。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 future 在完成前被取消则 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.CancelledError" title="concurrent.futures.CancelledError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CancelledError</span></code></a> 将被触发。</p>
|
||
<p>如果调用引发了一个异常，这个方法也会引发同样的异常。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.Future.exception">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">exception</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">timeout=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Future.exception" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>返回由调用引发的异常。如果调用还没完成那么这个方法将等待 <em>timeout</em> 秒。如果在 <em>timeout</em> 秒内没有执行完成，<a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.TimeoutError" title="concurrent.futures.TimeoutError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures.TimeoutError</span></code></a> 将会被触发。<em>timeout</em> 可以是整数或浮点数。如果 <em>timeout</em> 没有指定或为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>，那么等待时间就没有限制。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 future 在完成前被取消则 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.CancelledError" title="concurrent.futures.CancelledError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CancelledError</span></code></a> 将被触发。</p>
|
||
<p>如果调用正常完成那么返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.Future.add_done_callback">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">add_done_callback</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">fn</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Future.add_done_callback" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>附加可调用 <em>fn</em> 到 future 对象。当 future 对象被取消或完成运行时，将会调用 <em>fn</em>，而这个 future 对象将作为它唯一的参数。</p>
|
||
<p>加入的可调用对象总被属于添加它们的进程中的线程按加入的顺序调用。如果可调用对象引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#Exception" title="Exception"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Exception</span></code></a> 子类，它会被记录下来并被忽略掉。如果可调用对象引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#BaseException" title="BaseException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BaseException</span></code></a> 子类，这个行为没有定义。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 future 对象已经完成或已取消，<em>fn</em> 会被立即调用。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>下面这些 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 方法用于单元测试和 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="concurrent.futures.Executor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor</span></code></a> 实现。</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.Future.set_running_or_notify_cancel">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">set_running_or_notify_cancel</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Future.set_running_or_notify_cancel" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>这个方法只可以在执行关联 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 工作之前由 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="concurrent.futures.Executor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor</span></code></a> 实现调用或由单测试调用。</p>
|
||
<p>如果这个方法返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> 那么 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 已被取消，即 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future.cancel" title="concurrent.futures.Future.cancel"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future.cancel()</span></code></a> 已被调用并返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> 。等待 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 完成 (即通过 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.as_completed" title="concurrent.futures.as_completed"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">as_completed()</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.wait" title="concurrent.futures.wait"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wait()</span></code></a>) 的线程将被唤醒。</p>
|
||
<p>如果这个方法返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> 那么 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 不会被取消并已将它变为正在运行状态，也就是说调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future.running" title="concurrent.futures.Future.running"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future.running()</span></code></a> 时将返回 <cite>True</cite>。</p>
|
||
<p>这个方法只可以被调用一次并且不能在调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future.set_result" title="concurrent.futures.Future.set_result"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future.set_result()</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future.set_exception" title="concurrent.futures.Future.set_exception"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future.set_exception()</span></code></a> 之后再调用。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.Future.set_result">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">set_result</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">result</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Future.set_result" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>设置将 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 关联工作的结果给 <em>result</em> 。</p>
|
||
<p>这个方法只可以由 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="concurrent.futures.Executor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor</span></code></a> 实现和单元测试使用。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.8 版更改: </span>如果 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 已经完成则此方法会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.InvalidStateError" title="concurrent.futures.InvalidStateError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures.InvalidStateError</span></code></a>。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.Future.set_exception">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">set_exception</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">exception</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.Future.set_exception" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>设置 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 关联工作的结果给 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#Exception" title="Exception"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Exception</span></code></a> <em>exception</em> 。</p>
|
||
<p>这个方法只可以由 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="concurrent.futures.Executor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor</span></code></a> 实现和单元测试使用。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.8 版更改: </span>如果 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 已经完成则此方法会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.InvalidStateError" title="concurrent.futures.InvalidStateError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures.InvalidStateError</span></code></a>。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="module-functions">
|
||
<h2>模块函数<a class="headerlink" href="#module-functions" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.wait">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">concurrent.futures.</code><code class="sig-name descname">wait</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">fs</em>, <em class="sig-param">timeout=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">return_when=ALL_COMPLETED</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.wait" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>等待 <em>fs</em> 指定的 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 实例（可能由不同的 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="concurrent.futures.Executor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor</span></code></a> 实例创建）完成。 返回一个由集合构成的具名 2 元组。 第一个集合名称为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">done</span></code>，包含在等待完成之前已完成的期程（包括正常结束或被取消的 future 对象）。 第二个集合名称为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not_done</span></code>，包含未完成的 future 对象（包括挂起的或正在运行的 future 对象）。</p>
|
||
<p><em>timeout</em> 可以用来控制返回前最大的等待秒数。 <em>timeout</em> 可以为 int 或 float 类型。 如果 <em>timeout</em> 未指定或为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> ，则不限制等待时间。</p>
|
||
<p><em>return_when</em> 指定此函数应在何时返回。它必须为以下常数之一:</p>
|
||
<table class="docutils align-default">
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col style="width: 42%" />
|
||
<col style="width: 58%" />
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>常量</p></th>
|
||
<th class="head"><p>描述</p></th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FIRST_COMPLETED</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p>函数将在任意可等待对象结束或取消时返回。</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FIRST_EXCEPTION</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p>函数将在任意可等待对象因引发异常而结束时返回。当没有引发任何异常时它就相当于 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALL_COMPLETED</span></code>。</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALL_COMPLETED</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p>函数将在所有可等待对象结束或取消时返回。</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.as_completed">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">concurrent.futures.</code><code class="sig-name descname">as_completed</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">fs</em>, <em class="sig-param">timeout=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.as_completed" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>返回一个包含 <em>fs</em> 所指定的 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Future" title="concurrent.futures.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Future</span></code></a> 实例（可能由不同的 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.Executor" title="concurrent.futures.Executor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor</span></code></a> 实例创建）的迭代器，这些实例会在完成时生成 future 对象（包括正常结束或被取消的 future 对象）。 任何由 <em>fs</em> 所指定的重复 future 对象将只被返回一次。 任何在 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.as_completed" title="concurrent.futures.as_completed"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">as_completed()</span></code></a> 被调用之前完成的 future 对象将优先被生成。 如果 <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#iterator.__next__" title="iterator.__next__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__next__()</span></code></a> 被调用并且在对 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.as_completed" title="concurrent.futures.as_completed"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">as_completed()</span></code></a> 的原始调用 <em>timeout</em> 秒之后结果仍不可用，则返回的迭代器将引发 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.TimeoutError" title="concurrent.futures.TimeoutError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures.TimeoutError</span></code></a>。 <em>timeout</em> 可以为整数或浮点数。 如果 <em>timeout</em> 未指定或为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>，则不限制等待时间。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<div class="admonition seealso">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
|
||
<dl class="simple">
|
||
<dt><span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3148"><strong>PEP 3148</strong></a> -- future 对象 - 异步执行指令。</dt><dd><p>该提案描述了Python标准库中包含的这个特性。</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="exception-classes">
|
||
<h2>Exception 类<a class="headerlink" href="#exception-classes" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.CancelledError">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">concurrent.futures.</code><code class="sig-name descname">CancelledError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.CancelledError" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>future 对象被取消时会触发。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.TimeoutError">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">concurrent.futures.</code><code class="sig-name descname">TimeoutError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.TimeoutError" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>future 对象执行超出给定的超时数值时引发。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.BrokenExecutor">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">concurrent.futures.</code><code class="sig-name descname">BrokenExecutor</code><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.BrokenExecutor" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>当执行器被某些原因中断而且不能用来提交或执行新任务时就会被引发派生于 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a> 的异常类。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.7 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.InvalidStateError">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">concurrent.futures.</code><code class="sig-name descname">InvalidStateError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.InvalidStateError" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>当某个操作在一个当前状态所不允许的 future 上执行时将被引发。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.8 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.thread.BrokenThreadPool">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">concurrent.futures.thread.</code><code class="sig-name descname">BrokenThreadPool</code><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.thread.BrokenThreadPool" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>当 <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ThreadPoolExecutor</span></code> 中的其中一个工作者初始化失败时会引发派生于 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.BrokenExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.BrokenExecutor"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BrokenExecutor</span></code></a> 的异常类。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.7 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="concurrent.futures.process.BrokenProcessPool">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">concurrent.futures.process.</code><code class="sig-name descname">BrokenProcessPool</code><a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent.futures.process.BrokenProcessPool" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>当 <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ThreadPoolExecutor</span></code> 中的其中一个工作者不完整终止时(比如，被外部杀死)会引发派生于 <a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent.futures.BrokenExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.BrokenExecutor"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BrokenExecutor</span></code></a> ( 原名 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a> ) 的异常类。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.3 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures</span></code> --- 启动并行任务</a><ul>
|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#executor-objects">Executor 对象</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#threadpoolexecutor">ThreadPoolExecutor</a><ul>
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最后更新于 12月 09, 2024.
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