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<section id="module-bisect">
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<span id="bisect-array-bisection-algorithm"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-bisect" title="bisect: Array bisection algorithms for binary searching."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bisect</span></code></a> --- 数组二分查找算法<a class="headerlink" href="#module-bisect" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>源代码:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/bisect.py">Lib/bisect.py</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>这个模块对有序列表提供了支持,使得他们可以在插入新数据仍然保持有序。对于长列表,如果其包含元素的比较操作十分昂贵的话,这可以是对更常见方法的改进。这个模块叫做 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bisect" title="bisect: Array bisection algorithms for binary searching."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bisect</span></code></a> 因为其使用了基本的二分(bisection)算法。源代码也可以作为很棒的算法示例(边界判断也做好啦!)</p>
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<p>定义了以下函数:</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="bisect.bisect_left">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">bisect.</code><code class="sig-name descname">bisect_left</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">a</em>, <em class="sig-param">x</em>, <em class="sig-param">lo=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">hi=len(a)</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bisect.bisect_left" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>在 <em>a</em> 中找到 <em>x</em> 合适的插入点以维持有序。参数 <em>lo</em> 和 <em>hi</em> 可以被用于确定需要考虑的子集;默认情况下整个列表都会被使用。如果 <em>x</em> 已经在 <em>a</em> 里存在,那么插入点会在已存在元素之前(也就是左边)。如果 <em>a</em> 是列表(list)的话,返回值是可以被放在 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list.insert()</span></code> 的第一个参数的。</p>
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<p>返回的插入点 <em>i</em> 可以将数组 <em>a</em> 分成两部分。左侧是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">all(val</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">val</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">a[lo:i])</span></code> ,右侧是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">all(val</span> <span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">val</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">a[i:hi])</span></code> 。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="bisect.bisect_right">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">bisect.</code><code class="sig-name descname">bisect_right</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">a</em>, <em class="sig-param">x</em>, <em class="sig-param">lo=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">hi=len(a)</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bisect.bisect_right" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dt id="bisect.bisect">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">bisect.</code><code class="sig-name descname">bisect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">a</em>, <em class="sig-param">x</em>, <em class="sig-param">lo=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">hi=len(a)</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bisect.bisect" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>类似于 <a class="reference internal" href="#bisect.bisect_left" title="bisect.bisect_left"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bisect_left()</span></code></a>,但是返回的插入点是 <em>a</em> 中已存在元素 <em>x</em> 的右侧。</p>
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<p>返回的插入点 <em>i</em> 可以将数组 <em>a</em> 分成两部分。左侧是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">all(val</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">val</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">a[lo:i])</span></code>,右侧是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">all(val</span> <span class="pre">></span> <span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">val</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">a[i:hi])</span></code> for the right side。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="bisect.insort_left">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">bisect.</code><code class="sig-name descname">insort_left</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">a</em>, <em class="sig-param">x</em>, <em class="sig-param">lo=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">hi=len(a)</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bisect.insort_left" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>将 <em>x</em> 插入到一个有序序列 <em>a</em> 里,并维持其有序。如果 <em>a</em> 有序的话,这相当于 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a.insert(bisect.bisect_left(a,</span> <span class="pre">x,</span> <span class="pre">lo,</span> <span class="pre">hi),</span> <span class="pre">x)</span></code>。要注意搜索是 O(log n) 的,插入却是 O(n) 的。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="bisect.insort_right">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">bisect.</code><code class="sig-name descname">insort_right</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">a</em>, <em class="sig-param">x</em>, <em class="sig-param">lo=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">hi=len(a)</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bisect.insort_right" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dt id="bisect.insort">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">bisect.</code><code class="sig-name descname">insort</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">a</em>, <em class="sig-param">x</em>, <em class="sig-param">lo=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">hi=len(a)</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bisect.insort" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>类似于 <a class="reference internal" href="#bisect.insort_left" title="bisect.insort_left"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">insort_left()</span></code></a>,但是把 <em>x</em> 插入到 <em>a</em> 中已存在元素 <em>x</em> 的右侧。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<div class="admonition seealso">
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<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="https://code.activestate.com/recipes/577197-sortedcollection/">SortedCollection recipe</a> 使用 bisect 构造了一个功能完整的集合类,提供了直接的搜索方法和对用于搜索的 key 方法的支持。所有用于搜索的键都是预先计算的,以避免在搜索时对 key 方法的不必要调用。</p>
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</div>
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<section id="searching-sorted-lists">
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<h2>搜索有序列表<a class="headerlink" href="#searching-sorted-lists" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>上面的 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bisect" title="bisect: Array bisection algorithms for binary searching."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bisect()</span></code></a> 函数对于找到插入点是有用的,但在一般的搜索任务中可能会有点尴尬。下面 5 个函数展示了如何将其转变成有序列表中的标准查找函数</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="s1">'Locate the leftmost value exactly equal to x'</span>
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<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">bisect_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">i</span>
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<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span>
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<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">find_lt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="s1">'Find rightmost value less than x'</span>
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<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">bisect_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span>
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<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">find_le</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="s1">'Find rightmost value less than or equal to x'</span>
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<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">bisect_right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span>
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<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">find_gt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="s1">'Find leftmost value greater than x'</span>
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<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">bisect_right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span>
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<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">find_ge</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="s1">'Find leftmost item greater than or equal to x'</span>
|
||
<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">bisect_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
||
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="other-examples">
|
||
<h2>其他示例<a class="headerlink" href="#other-examples" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p id="bisect-example">函数 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bisect" title="bisect: Array bisection algorithms for binary searching."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bisect()</span></code></a> 还可以用于数字表查询。这个例子是使用 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bisect" title="bisect: Array bisection algorithms for binary searching."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bisect()</span></code></a> 从一个给定的考试成绩集合里,通过一个有序数字表,查出其对应的字母等级:90 分及以上是 'A',80 到 89 是 'B',以此类推</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">grade</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">score</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">breakpoints</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">70</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">90</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">grades</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'FDCBA'</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">bisect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">breakpoints</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">score</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">grades</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">...</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">grade</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">score</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">score</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">33</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">99</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">77</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">70</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">89</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">90</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">]]</span>
|
||
<span class="go">['F', 'A', 'C', 'C', 'B', 'A', 'A']</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>与 <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#sorted" title="sorted"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sorted()</span></code></a> 函数不同,对于 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bisect" title="bisect: Array bisection algorithms for binary searching."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bisect()</span></code></a> 函数来说,<em>key</em> 或者 <em>reversed</em> 参数并没有什么意义。因为这会导致设计效率低下(连续调用 bisect 函数时,是不会 "记住" 过去查找过的键的)。</p>
|
||
<p>正相反,最好去搜索预先计算好的键列表,来查找相关记录的索引。</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s1">'red'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'blue'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'yellow'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'black'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)]</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">keys</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">r</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># precomputed list of keys</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">bisect_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)]</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('black', 0)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">bisect_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('blue', 1)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">bisect_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)]</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('red', 5)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">bisect_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)]</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('yellow', 8)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
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|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bisect</span></code> --- 数组二分查找算法</a><ul>
|
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