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<section id="module-glob">
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<span id="glob-unix-style-pathname-pattern-expansion"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> --- Unix 风格路径名模式扩展<a class="headerlink" href="#module-glob" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>源代码:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/glob.py">Lib/glob.py</a></p>
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<p id="index-1"><a class="reference internal" href="#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> 模块可根据 Unix 终端所用规则找出所有匹配特定模式的路径名，但会按不确定的顺序返回结果。 波浪号扩展不会生效，但 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">?</span></code> 以及表示为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[]</span></code> 的字符范围将被正确地匹配。 这是通过配合使用 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.scandir" title="os.scandir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.scandir()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html#fnmatch.fnmatch" title="fnmatch.fnmatch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch.fnmatch()</span></code></a> 函数来实现的，而不是通过实际发起调用子终端。 请注意不同于 <a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html#fnmatch.fnmatch" title="fnmatch.fnmatch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch.fnmatch()</span></code></a>，<a class="reference internal" href="#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> 会将以点号 (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.</span></code>) 开头的文件名作为特殊情况来处理。 （对于波浪号和终端变量扩展，请使用 <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.expanduser()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.expandvars" title="os.path.expandvars"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.expandvars()</span></code></a>。）</p>
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<p>对于字面值匹配，请将原字符用方括号括起来。 例如，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'[?]'</span></code> 将匹配字符 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'?'</span></code>。</p>
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<div class="admonition seealso">
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<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="pathlib.html#module-pathlib" title="pathlib: Object-oriented filesystem paths"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathlib</span></code></a> 模块提供高级路径对象。</p>
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</div>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="glob.glob">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">glob.</code><code class="sig-name descname">glob</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">pathname</em>, <em class="sig-param">*</em>, <em class="sig-param">recursive=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#glob.glob" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>返回匹配 <em>pathname</em> 的可能为空的路径名列表，其中的元素必须为包含路径信息的字符串。 <em>pathname</em> 可以是绝对路径 (如 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/src/Python-1.5/Makefile</span></code>) 或相对路径 (如 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">../../Tools/*/*.gif</span></code>)，并且可包含 shell 风格的通配符。 结果也将包含无效的符号链接（与在 shell 中一样）。 结果是否排序取决于具体文件系统。 如果某个符合条件的文件在调用此函数期间被移除或添加，是否包括该文件的路径是没有规定的。</p>
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<p id="index-2">如果 <em>recursive</em> 为真值，则模式 "<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code>" 将匹配目录中的任何文件以及零个或多个目录、子目录和符号链接。 如果模式加了一个 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.sep" title="os.sep"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.sep</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.altsep" title="os.altsep"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.altsep</span></code></a> 则将不匹配文件。</p>
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<p class="audit-hook">引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">审计事件</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob.glob</span></code> 并附带参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathname</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recursive</span></code>。</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
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<p>在一个较大的目录树中使用 "<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code>" 模式可能会消耗非常多的时间。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.5 版更改: </span>支持使用 "<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code>" 的递归 glob。</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="glob.iglob">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">glob.</code><code class="sig-name descname">iglob</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">pathname</em>, <em class="sig-param">*</em>, <em class="sig-param">recursive=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#glob.iglob" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>返回一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator"><span class="xref std std-term">iterator</span></a>，它会产生与 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob()</span></code></a> 相同的结果，但不会实际地同时保存它们。</p>
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<p class="audit-hook">引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">审计事件</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob.glob</span></code> 并附带参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathname</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recursive</span></code>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="glob.escape">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">glob.</code><code class="sig-name descname">escape</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">pathname</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#glob.escape" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>转义所有特殊字符 (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'?'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'*'</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'['</span></code>)。 这适用于当你想要匹配可能带有特殊字符的任意字符串字面值的情况。 在 drive/UNC 共享点中的特殊字符不会被转义，例如在 Windows 上 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">escape('//?/c:/Quo</span> <span class="pre">vadis?.txt')</span></code> 将返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'//?/c:/Quo</span> <span class="pre">vadis[?].txt'</span></code>。</p>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.4 新版功能.</span></p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<p>例如，考虑一个包含以下内容的目录：文件 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1.gif</span></code>, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2.txt</span></code>, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">card.gif</span></code> 以及一个子目录 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sub</span></code> 其中只包含一个文件 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">3.txt</span></code>. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob()</span></code></a> 将产生如下结果。 请注意路径的任何开头部分都将被保留。:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">glob</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'./[0-9].*'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">['./1.gif', './2.txt']</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'*.gif'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">['1.gif', 'card.gif']</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'?.gif'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">['1.gif']</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'**/*.txt'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">['2.txt', 'sub/3.txt']</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'./**/'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">['./', './sub/']</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>如果目录包含以 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.</span></code> 打头的文件，它们默认将不会被匹配。 例如，考虑一个包含 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">card.gif</span></code> 和 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.card.gif</span></code> 的目录:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">glob</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'*.gif'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">['card.gif']</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.c*'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">['.card.gif']</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition seealso">
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<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
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<dl class="simple">
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<dt>模块 <a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html#module-fnmatch" title="fnmatch: Unix shell style filename pattern matching."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Shell 风格文件名（而非路径）扩展</p>
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</dd>
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