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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>互联网协议和支持 &#8212; Python 3.8.20 文档</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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<section id="internet-protocols-and-support">
<span id="internet"></span><h1>互联网协议和支持<a class="headerlink" href="#internet-protocols-and-support" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h1>
<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><p id="index-1">本章介绍的模块实现了互联网协议并支持相关技术。 它们都是用 Python 实现的。 这些模块中的大多数都需要存在依赖于系统的模块 <a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code></a> ，目前大多数流行平台都支持它。 这是一个概述：</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code> --- 方便的Web浏览器控制器</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html#browser-controller-objects">浏览器控制器对象</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> --- 通用网关接口支持</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#introduction">概述</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#using-the-cgi-module">使用 cgi 模块</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#higher-level-interface">更高层级的接口</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#functions">函数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#caring-about-security">对于安全性的关注</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#installing-your-cgi-script-on-a-unix-system">在 Unix 系统上安装你的 CGI 脚本</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#testing-your-cgi-script">测试你的 CGI 脚本</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#debugging-cgi-scripts">调试 CGI 脚本</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html#common-problems-and-solutions">常见问题和解决方案</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cgitb.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgitb</span></code> --- 用于 CGI 脚本的回溯管理器</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> --- WSGI 工具和参考实现</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.util</span></code> -- WSGI 环境工具</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.headers</span></code> -- WSGI 响应标头工具</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.simple_server</span></code> -- 一个简单的 WSGI HTTP 服务器</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.validate</span></code> --- WSGI 一致性检查器</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.handlers</span></code> -- 服务器/网关基类</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#examples">例子</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> --- URL 处理模块</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> --- 用于打开 URL 的可扩展库</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#request-objects">Request 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#openerdirector-objects">OpenerDirector 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#basehandler-objects">BaseHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpredirecthandler-objects">HTTPRedirectHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpcookieprocessor-objects">HTTPCookieProcessor 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#proxyhandler-objects">ProxyHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgr-objects">HTTPPasswordMgr 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgrwithpriorauth-objects">HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#abstractbasicauthhandler-objects">AbstractBasicAuthHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpbasicauthhandler-objects">HTTPBasicAuthHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#proxybasicauthhandler-objects">ProxyBasicAuthHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#abstractdigestauthhandler-objects">AbstractDigestAuthHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpdigestauthhandler-objects">HTTPDigestAuthHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#proxydigestauthhandler-objects">ProxyDigestAuthHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httphandler-objects">HTTPHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpshandler-objects">HTTPSHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#filehandler-objects">FileHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#datahandler-objects">DataHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#ftphandler-objects">FTPHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#cacheftphandler-objects">CacheFTPHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#unknownhandler-objects">UnknownHandler 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httperrorprocessor-objects">HTTPErrorProcessor 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#examples">例子</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#legacy-interface">已停用的接口</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#urllib-request-restrictions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> 的限制</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.response</span></code> --- urllib 使用的 Response 类</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.parse</span></code> 用于解析 URL</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#url-parsing">URL 解析</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#url-parsing-security">URL parsing security</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes">解析ASCII编码字节</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#structured-parse-results">结构化解析结果</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#url-quoting">URL 转码</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.error.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.error</span></code> --- urllib.request 引发的异常类</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.robotparser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.robotparser</span></code> --- robots.txt 语法分析程序</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http</span></code> --- HTTP 模块</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.html#http-status-codes">HTTP 状态码</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client</span></code> --- HTTP 协议客户端</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#httpconnection-objects">HTTPConnection 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#httpresponse-objects">HTTPResponse 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#examples">例子</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#httpmessage-objects">HTTPMessage 对象</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></code> --- FTP 协议客户端</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html#ftp-objects">FTP 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html#ftp-tls-objects">FTP_TLS 对象</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code> --- POP3 协议客户端</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html#pop3-objects">POP3 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html#pop3-example">POP3 示例</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> --- IMAP4 协议客户端</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html#imap4-objects">IMAP4 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html#imap4-example">IMAP4 示例</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code> --- NNTP 协议客户端</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#nntp-objects">NNTP 对象</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#attributes">属性</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#methods">方法</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#utility-functions">工具函数</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code> --- SMTP 协议客户端</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#smtp-objects">SMTP 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#smtp-example">SMTP 示例</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></code> --- SMTP 服务器</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#smtpserver-objects">SMTPServer 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#debuggingserver-objects">DebuggingServer 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#pureproxy-objects">PureProxy 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#mailmanproxy-objects">MailmanProxy 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#smtpchannel-objects">SMTPChannel 对象</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">telnetlib</span></code> -- Telnet 客户端</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html#telnet-objects">Telnet 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html#telnet-example">Telnet 示例</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> --- <strong>RFC 4122</strong> 定义的UUID对象</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html#example">示例</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver</span></code> --- 用于网络服务器的框架</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#server-creation-notes">服务器创建的说明</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#server-objects">Server 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#request-handler-objects">请求处理器对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#examples">例子</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#socketserver-tcpserver-example"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver.TCPServer</span></code> 示例</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#socketserver-udpserver-example"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver.UDPServer</span></code> 示例</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#asynchronous-mixins">异步混合类</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.server.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.server</span></code> --- HTTP 服务器</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.server.html#security-considerations">安全考量</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookies</span></code> --- HTTP状态管理</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html#cookie-objects">Cookie 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html#morsel-objects">Morsel 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html#example">示例</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookiejar</span></code> —— HTTP 客户端的 Cookie 处理</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects">CookieJar 和 FileCookieJar 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers">FileCookieJar 的子类及其与 Web 浏览器的协同</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#cookiepolicy-objects">CookiePolicy 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#defaultcookiepolicy-objects">DefaultCookiePolicy 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#cookie-objects">Cookie 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#examples">例子</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc</span></code> --- XMLRPC 服务端与客户端模块</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.client</span></code> --- XML-RPC 客户端访问</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#serverproxy-objects">ServerProxy 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#datetime-objects">DateTime 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#binary-objects">Binary 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#fault-objects">Fault 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#protocolerror-objects">ProtocolError 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#multicall-objects">MultiCall 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#convenience-functions">便捷函数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-usage">客户端用法的示例</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-and-server-usage">客户端与服务器用法的示例</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.server</span></code> --- 基本 XML-RPC 服务器</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html#simplexmlrpcserver-objects">SimpleXMLRPCServer 对象</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html#simplexmlrpcserver-example">SimpleXMLRPCServer 示例</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html#cgixmlrpcrequesthandler">CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html#documenting-xmlrpc-server">文档 XMLRPC 服务器</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html#docxmlrpcserver-objects">DocXMLRPCServer 对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html#doccgixmlrpcrequesthandler">DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ipaddress</span></code> --- IPv4/IPv6 操作库</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#convenience-factory-functions">方便的工厂函数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#ip-addresses">IP 地址</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#address-objects">地址对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#conversion-to-strings-and-integers">转换字符串和整数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#operators">运算符</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#comparison-operators">比较运算符</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#arithmetic-operators">算术运算符</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#ip-network-definitions">IP网络的定义</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#prefix-net-mask-and-host-mask">前缀、网络掩码和主机掩码</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#network-objects">网络对象</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#id1">运算符</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#logical-operators">逻辑运算符</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#iteration">迭代</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#networks-as-containers-of-addresses">作为地址容器的网络</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#interface-objects">接口对象</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#id2">运算符</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#id3">逻辑运算符</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#other-module-level-functions">其他模块级别函数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#custom-exceptions">自定义异常</a></li>
</ul>
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