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<section id="module-runpy">
<span id="runpy-locating-and-executing-python-modules"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-runpy" title="runpy: Locate and run Python modules without importing them first."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code></a> ——查找并执行 Python 模块<a class="headerlink" href="#module-runpy" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h1>
<p><strong>源代码：</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/runpy.py">Lib/runpy.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-runpy" title="runpy: Locate and run Python modules without importing them first."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code></a> 模块用于找到并运行 Python 的模块，而无需首先导入。主要用于实现 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-m"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code></a> 命令行开关，以允许用 Python 模块命名空间而不是文件系统来定位脚本。</p>
<p>请注意，这 <em>并非</em> 一个沙盒模块——所有代码都在当前进程中运行，所有副作用（如其他模块对导入操作进行了缓存）在函数返回后都会留存。</p>
<p>此外，在 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-runpy" title="runpy: Locate and run Python modules without importing them first."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code></a> 函数返回后，任何由已执行代码定义的函数和类都不能保证正确工作。如果某使用场景不能接收此限制，那么选用 <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#module-importlib" title="importlib: The implementation of the import machinery."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code></a> 可能更合适些。</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-runpy" title="runpy: Locate and run Python modules without importing them first."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code></a> 模块提供两个函数：</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="runpy.run_module">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">runpy.</code><code class="sig-name descname">run_module</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">mod_name</em>, <em class="sig-param">init_globals=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">run_name=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">alter_sys=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#runpy.run_module" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-0">执行给定模块的代码，并返回结果模块的 globals 字典。 该模块的代码首先会用标准的导入机制去查找定位 (详情请参阅 <span class="target" id="index-16"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a>)，然后在全新的模块命名空间中运行。</p>
<p>参数 <em>mod_name</em> 应该是一个绝对模块名。如果模块名指向一个包，而不是普通的模块，那么该包会被导入，然后执行包中的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> 子模块，并返回结果模块的 globals 字典。</p>
<p>可选的字典参数 <em>init_globals</em> 可用来在代码执行前预填充模块的 globals 字典。给出的字典参数不会被修改。如果字典中定义了以下任意一个特殊全局变量，这些定义都会被 <a class="reference internal" href="#runpy.run_module" title="runpy.run_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run_module()</span></code></a> 覆盖。</p>
<p>The special global variables <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__package__</span></code> are set in the globals
dictionary before the module code is executed (Note that this is a
minimal set of variables - other variables may be set implicitly as an
interpreter implementation detail).</p>
<p>若可选参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code> 不为 <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></a> 则设为 <em>run_name</em>，若此名称的模块是一个包则设为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mod_name</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">'.__main__'</span></code>，否则设为 <em>mod_name</em> 参数。</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__</span></code> 将设为合适的 <em>实际</em> 导入模块（也就是说，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__.name</span></code> 一定是 <em>mod_name</em> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mod_name</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">'.__main__</span></code>，而不是 <em>run_name</em>）。</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code>、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__package__</span></code> 根据模块规范进行 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#import-mod-attrs"><span class="std std-ref">正常设置</span></a></p>
<p>如果给出了参数 <em>alter_sys</em> 并且值为 <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a>，那么 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> 将被更新为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code> 的值，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules[__name__]</span></code> 将被更新为临时模块对象。在函数返回前， <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules[__name__]</span></code> 将会复原。</p>
<p>注意，这种对 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code></a> 的操作不是线程安全的。其他线程可能会看到初始化不完整的模块，以及变动后的参数列表。如果从线程中的代码调用此函数，建议单实例运行 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code></a> 模块。</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-m"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code></a> 选项由命令行提供相同功能。</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.1 版更改: </span>加入了 查找 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> 子模块并执行软件包的能力。</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.2 版更改: </span>加入了 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code> 全局变量（参见 <span class="target" id="index-17"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3147"><strong>PEP 3147</strong></a> ）。</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.4 版更改: </span>充分利用 <span class="target" id="index-18"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0451"><strong>PEP 451</strong></a> 加入的模块规格功能。使得以这种方式运行的模块能够正确设置 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code>，并确保真正的模块名称总是可以通过 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__.name</span></code> 的形式访问。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="runpy.run_path">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">runpy.</code><code class="sig-name descname">run_path</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">file_path</em>, <em class="sig-param">init_globals=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">run_name=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#runpy.run_path" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-4">执行指定位置的代码，并返回结果模块的 globals 字典。与提供给 CPython 命令行的脚本名称一样，给出的路径可以指向 Python 源文件、编译过的字节码文件或包含``__main__`` 模块的有效 sys.path 项（例如一个包含顶级``__main__.py`` 文件的 zip 文件）。</p>
<p>对于直接的脚本而言，指定代码将直接在一个新的模块命名空间中运行。对于一个有效的 sys.path 项（通常是一个 zip 文件或目录），其首先会被添加到 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code> 的开头。然后，本函数用更新后的路径查找并执行 <a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a> 模块。请注意，即便在指定位置不存在主模块，也没有特别的保护措施来防止调用存在于 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code> 其他地方的 <a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a>。</p>
<p>利用可选的字典参数 <em>init_globals</em> ，可在代码执行前预填模块的 globals 字典。给出的字典参数不会被修改。如果给出的字典中定义了下列特殊全局变量，这些定义均会被 <a class="reference internal" href="#runpy.run_module" title="runpy.run_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run_module()</span></code></a> 覆盖。</p>
<p>The special global variables <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__package__</span></code> are set in the globals
dictionary before the module code is executed (Note that this is a
minimal set of variables - other variables may be set implicitly as an
interpreter implementation detail).</p>
<p>如果该可选参数不为 <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></a>，则 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code> 被设为 <em>run_name</em>，否则为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&lt;run_path&gt;'</span></code>。</p>
<p>如果提供的路径直接引用了一个脚本文件（无论是源码文件还是预编译的字节码），那么 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code> 将设为给出的路径，而 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__</span></code>、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code>、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__package__</span></code> 都将设为 <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></a>。</p>
<p>如果给出的路径是对有效 sys.path 项的引用，那么 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__</span></code> 将为导入的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> 模块进行正确设置 (也就是说，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__spec__.name</span></code> 将一定是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code>)。 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__file__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__loader__</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__package__</span></code> 将依据模块规格 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#import-mod-attrs"><span class="std std-ref">进行常规设置</span></a>。</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code></a> 模块也做了一些改动。 首先，如上所述，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code> 可能会被修改。 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> 被更新为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">file_path</span></code> 的值，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules[__name__]</span></code> 被更新为正在被执行的模块的临时模块对象。 在函数返回之前，对 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code></a> 中条目的所有修改都会被复原。</p>
<p>注意，与 <a class="reference internal" href="#runpy.run_module" title="runpy.run_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run_module()</span></code></a> 不同的是，本函数对 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#module-sys" title="sys: Access system-specific parameters and functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code></a> 的修改不是可有可无的，因为这些调整对于 sys.path 项能够顺利执行至关重要。由于依然存在线程安全的限制，在线程代码中使用本函数时应采用导入锁进行序列运行，或者委托给一个单独的进程。</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#using-on-interface-options"><span class="std std-ref">接口选项</span></a> 用于在命令行上实现同等功能（<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">path/to/script</span></code>）。</p>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.2 新版功能.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.4 版更改: </span>已作更新，以便充分利用 <span class="target" id="index-19"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0451"><strong>PEP 451</strong></a> 加入的模块规格功能。使得从有效 sys.path 项导入``__main__`` 而不是直接执行的情况下，能够正确设置 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cached__</span></code>。</p>
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<dt><span class="target" id="index-20"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0338"><strong>PEP 338</strong></a> -- 将模块作为脚本执行</dt><dd><p>PEP 由 Nick Coghlan 撰写并实现。</p>
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<dt><span class="target" id="index-21"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0366"><strong>PEP 366</strong></a> ——主模块的显式相对导入</dt><dd><p>PEP 由 Nick Coghlan 撰写并实现。</p>
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<dt><span class="target" id="index-22"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0451"><strong>PEP 451</strong></a> —— 导入系统采用的 ModuleSpec 类型</dt><dd><p>PEP 由 Eric Snow 撰写并实现。</p>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#using-on-general"><span class="std std-ref">命令行与环境</span></a> —— CPython 命令行详解</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#importlib.import_module" title="importlib.import_module"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.import_module()</span></code></a> 函数</p>
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