234 lines
18 KiB
HTML
234 lines
18 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="zh">
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<head><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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<title>strncat, strncat_s</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="ext.css" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="site_modules.css" />
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</head>
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<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-c_string_byte_strncat skin-cppreference2 action-view cpp-navbar">
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<div id="cpp-content-base">
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<div id="content"><a id="top"></a>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">strncat, strncat_s</h1>
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<div id="bodyContent">
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<div id="contentSub"><span class="subpages">< <a href="c.html">c</a>‎ | <a href="c-string.html">string</a>‎ | <a href="c-string-byte.html">byte</a></span></div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" xml:lang="zh">
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<table class="t-dcl-begin">
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<tbody>
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<tr class="t-dsc-header">
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<td>
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<div>定义于头文件 <code><string.h></code></div>
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</td>
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<td></td>
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<td></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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<tbody class="t-dcl-rev t-dcl-rev-num">
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<tr class="t-dcl-rev-aux">
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<td></td>
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<td rowspan="142">(1)</td>
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<td></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dcl t-until-c99">
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<td>
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<div><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>strncat<span class="br0">(</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>dest, <span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>src, <a href="c-types-size_t.html"><span class="kw100">size_t</span></a> count <span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div>
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</td>
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<td class="t-dcl-nopad"></td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-c99">(C99 前)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dcl t-since-c99">
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<td>
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<div><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>strncat<span class="br0">(</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="kw4">restrict</span> dest, <span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="kw4">restrict</span> src, <a href="c-types-size_t.html"><span class="kw100">size_t</span></a> count <span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div>
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</td>
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<td class="t-dcl-nopad"></td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(C99 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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<tbody>
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<tr class="t-dcl t-since-c11">
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<td>
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<div><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">errno_t strncat_s<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="kw4">restrict</span> dest, rsize_t destsz,<br />
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<span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="kw4">restrict</span> src, rsize_t count<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div>
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</td>
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<td>(2)</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dcl-sep">
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<td></td>
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<td></td>
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<td></td>
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</table>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> 后附来自 <code>src</code> 所指向的字符数组的至多 <code>count</code> 个字符,到 <code>dest</code> 所指向的空终止字节字符串的末尾,若找到空字符则停止。字符 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">src<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span> 替换位于 <code>dest</code> 末尾的空终止符。始终后附终止空字符到末尾(故函数可写入的最大字节数是 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">count<span class="sy2">+</span><span class="nu0">1</span></span></span> )。</div>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li"></span> 若目标数组没有对于 <code>dest</code> 和 <code>src</code> 的首 <code>count</code> 个字符加上终止空字符的足够空间,则行为未定义。若源与目标对象重叠,则行为未定义。若 <code>dest</code> 不是指向空终止字节字符串的指针,或 <code>src</code> 不是指向字符数组的指针,则行为未定义。</div>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> 同 <span class="t-v">(1)</span> ,除了函数可以可用未指定值破坏目标数组的剩余部分(从最后写入字符到 <code>destsz</code> ),以及在运行时检测下列错误,并调用当前安装的<a href="c-error-set_constraint_handler_s.html">制约处理</a>函数:
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<dl>
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<dd>
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<ul>
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<li><code>src</code> 或 <code>dest</code> 为空指针</li>
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<li><code>destsz</code> 或 <code>count</code> 为零或大于 <span class="t-lc">RSIZE_MAX</span></li>
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<li><code>dest</code> 的首 <code>destsz</code> 个字节中无空字符</li>
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<li>会出现截断: <code>count</code> 与 <code>src</code> 长度的较小者,会超出 <code>dest</code> 的空终止符和 <code>destsz</code> 之间的可用空间。</li>
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<li>源与目标字符串之间会出现重叠</li>
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</ul>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li"></span> 若 <code>dest</code> 所指向的字符数组大小 < <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">strnlen<span class="br0">(</span>dest,destsz<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy2">+</span>strnlen<span class="br0">(</span>src,count<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy2">+</span><span class="nu0">1</span></span></span> < <code>destsz</code> 则行为未定义;换言之, <code>destsz</code> 的错误值不暴露行将发生的缓冲区溢出。若 <code>src</code> 所指向的字符数组大小 < <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">strnlen<span class="br0">(</span>src,count<span class="br0">)</span></span></span> < <code>destsz</code> ;换言之, <code>count</code> 的错误值不暴露行将发生的缓冲区溢出。
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<dl>
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<dd></dd>
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<dd>同所有边界检查函数, <code>strncat_s</code> 仅若实现定义了 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">__STDC_LIB_EXT1__</span></span> ,且用户在包含 <code>string.h</code> 前定义 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">__STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__</span></span> 为整数常量 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="nu0">1</span></span></span> 才保证可用。</dd>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8F.82.E6.95.B0">参数</span></h3>
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<table class="t-par-begin">
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td>dest</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>指向要后附到的空终止字节字符串的指针</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td>src</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>指向作为复制来源的字符数组的指针</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td>count</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>要复制的最大字符数</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td>destsz</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>目标缓冲区的大小</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.BF.94.E5.9B.9E.E5.80.BC">返回值</span></h3>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> 返回 <code>dest</code> 的副本。</div>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> 成功时返回零。错误时返回非零。错误时,亦写入零到 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">dest<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span> (除非 <code>dest</code> 为空指针,或 <code>destsz</code> 为零或大于 <span class="t-lc">RSIZE_MAX</span> )。</div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.B3.A8.E8.A7.A3">注解</span></h3>
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<p>因为 <code>strncat</code> 需要在每次调用时找到 <code>dest</code> 的结尾,故用 <code>strncat</code> 将多个字符串连接成一体是低效的。</p>
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<p>尽管截断以适应目标缓冲区是安全风险,从而是 <code>strncat_s</code> 的运行时制约违规,还是可以通过指定 <code>count</code> 等于目标数组大小减一获取截断行为:这将一如往常地复制首 <code>count</code> 个字节并后附空终止符: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">strncat_s<span class="br0">(</span>dst, <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> dst, src, <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">sizeof</span> dst<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy2">-</span>strnlen_s<span class="br0">(</span>dst, <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> dst<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy2">-</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> 。</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.A4.BA.E4.BE.8B">示例</span></h3>
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<div class="t-example">
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<div class="t-example-live-link"></div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="c source-c">
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<pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#define __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__ 1</span>
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<span class="co2">#include <string.h> </span>
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<span class="co2">#include <stdio.h></span>
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<span class="co2">#include <stdlib.h></span>
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<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
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<span class="br0">{</span>
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<span class="kw4">char</span> str<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">50</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"Hello "</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw4">char</span> str2<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">50</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"World!"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<a href="c-string-byte-strcat.html"><span class="kw555">strcat</span></a><span class="br0">(</span>str, str2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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strncat<span class="br0">(</span>str, <span class="st0">" Goodbye World!"</span>, <span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<a href="c-io-puts.html"><span class="kw835">puts</span></a><span class="br0">(</span>str<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="co2">#ifdef __STDC_LIB_EXT1__</span>
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set_constraint_handler_s<span class="br0">(</span>ignore_handler_s<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw4">char</span> s1<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">100</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"good"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw4">char</span> s5<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">1000</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"bye"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw4">int</span> r1 <span class="sy1">=</span> strncat_s<span class="br0">(</span>s1, <span class="nu0">100</span>, s5, <span class="nu0">1000</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// r1 为 0 , s1 保有 "goodbye\0"</span>
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<a href="c-io-fprintf.html"><span class="kw850">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"s1 = %s, r1 = %d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, s1, r1<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw4">char</span> s2<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">6</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"hello"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw4">int</span> r2 <span class="sy1">=</span> strncat_s<span class="br0">(</span>s2, <span class="nu0">6</span>, <span class="st0">""</span>, <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// r2 为 0 , s2 保有 "hello\0"</span>
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<a href="c-io-fprintf.html"><span class="kw850">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"s2 = %s, r2 = %d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, s2, r2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw4">char</span> s3<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">6</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"hello"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw4">int</span> r3 <span class="sy1">=</span> strncat_s<span class="br0">(</span>s3, <span class="nu0">6</span>, <span class="st0">"X"</span>, <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// r3 非零, s3 保有 "\0"</span>
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<a href="c-io-fprintf.html"><span class="kw850">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"s3 = %s, r3 = %d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, s3, r3<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="co1">// the strncat_s truncation idiom:</span>
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<span class="kw4">char</span> s4<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">7</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"abc"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw4">int</span> r4 <span class="sy1">=</span> strncat_s<span class="br0">(</span>s4, <span class="nu0">7</span>, <span class="st0">"defghijklmn"</span>, <span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// r 为 0 , s4 保有 "abcdef\0"</span>
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<a href="c-io-fprintf.html"><span class="kw850">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"s4 = %s, r4 = %d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, s4, r4<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="co2">#endif</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>可能的输出:</p>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="text source-text">
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<pre class="de1">Hello World! Go
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s1 = goodbye, r1 = 0
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s2 = hello, r2 = 0
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s3 = , r3 = 22
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s4 = abcdef, r4 = 0</pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8">引用</span></h3>
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<div class="t-ref-std-11">
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<ul>
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<li>C11 标准(ISO/IEC 9899:2011):</li>
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</ul>
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<dl>
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<dd>
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<ul>
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<li>7.24.3.2 The strncat function (p: 364-365)</li>
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</ul>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl>
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<dd>
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<ul>
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<li>K.3.7.2.2 The strncat_s function (p: 618-620)</li>
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</ul>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
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<ul>
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<li>C99 标准(ISO/IEC 9899:1999):</li>
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</ul>
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<dl>
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<dd>
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<ul>
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<li>7.21.3.2 The strncat function (p: 327-328)</li>
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</ul>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
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<ul>
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<li>C89/C90 标准(ISO/IEC 9899:1990):</li>
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</ul>
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<dl>
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<dd>
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<ul>
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<li>4.11.3.2 The strncat function</li>
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</ul>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8F.82.E9.98.85">参阅</span></h3>
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<table class="t-dsc-begin">
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="c-string-byte-strcat.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>strcat</span><span>strcat_s</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span></span><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>连接两个字符串<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="c-string-byte-strcpy.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>strcpy</span><span>strcpy_s</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span></span><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>复制一个字符串给另一个<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="visualClear"></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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