271 lines
26 KiB
HTML
271 lines
26 KiB
HTML
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<title>std::to_chars, std::to_chars_result</title>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="font-size:0.7em; line-height:130%">std::</span>to_chars, <span style="font-size:0.7em; line-height:130%">std::</span>to_chars_result</h1>
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<div id="contentSub"><span class="subpages">< <a href="cpp.html">cpp</a>‎ | <a href="cpp-utility.html">utility</a></span></div>
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<div>定义于头文件 <code><a href="cpp-header-charconv.html"><charconv></a></code></div>
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<td></td>
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<div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">to_chars_result</span> to_chars<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> first, <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> last,<br />
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<span class="coMULTI">/*see below*/</span> value, <span class="kw4">int</span> base <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div>
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</td>
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<td>(1)</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17 起)</span></td>
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<div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">to_chars_result</span> to_chars<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span>, <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span>, <span class="kw4">bool</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> delete<span class="sy4">;</span></span></div>
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</td>
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<td>(2)</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17 起)</span></td>
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<div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">to_chars_result</span> to_chars<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> first, <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> last, <span class="kw4">float</span> value<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span><br /></span>
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<p>std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">to_chars_result</span> to_chars<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> first, <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> last, <span class="kw4">double</span> value<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span><br /></p>
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std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">to_chars_result</span> to_chars<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> first, <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> last, <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span> value<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></div>
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</td>
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<td>(3)</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17 起)</span></td>
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<div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">to_chars_result</span> to_chars<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> first, <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> last, <span class="kw4">float</span> value,<br /></span>
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<p> std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">chars_format</span> fmt<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span><br />
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std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">to_chars_result</span> to_chars<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> first, <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> last, <span class="kw4">double</span> value,<br />
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std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">chars_format</span> fmt<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span><br />
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std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">to_chars_result</span> to_chars<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> first, <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> last, <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span> value,<br /></p>
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std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">chars_format</span> fmt<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></div>
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</td>
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<td>(4)</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dcl t-since-cxx17">
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<div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">to_chars_result</span> to_chars<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> first, <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> last, <span class="kw4">float</span> value,<br /></span>
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<p> std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">chars_format</span> fmt, <span class="kw4">int</span> precision<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span><br />
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std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">to_chars_result</span> to_chars<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> first, <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> last, <span class="kw4">double</span> value,<br />
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std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">chars_format</span> fmt, <span class="kw4">int</span> precision<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span><br />
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std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">to_chars_result</span> to_chars<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> first, <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> last, <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span> value,<br /></p>
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std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">chars_format</span> fmt, <span class="kw4">int</span> precision<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></div>
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</td>
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<td>(5)</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17 起)</span></td>
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<div>辅助类型</div>
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<td></td>
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<div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">struct</span> to_chars_result <span class="br0">{</span><br /></span>
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<p> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> ptr<span class="sy4">;</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-error-errc.html"><span class="kw880">std::<span class="me2">errc</span></span></a> ec<span class="sy4">;</span><br /></p>
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<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span></div>
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<td>(6)</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17 起)</span></td>
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<p>通过成功填充范围 <code>[first, last)</code> ，转换 <code>value</code> 为字符串，要求 <code>[first, last)</code> 是合法范围。</p>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> 整数格式化函数： <code>value</code> 以给定基底 <code>base</code> 转换成数位的字符串（无冗余的前导零）。范围 <code>10..35</code> （含上下限）中的数字被表示成小写字母 <code>a..z</code> 。若值小于零，则表示以负号起始。库提供所有有符号及无符号整数和 <code>char</code> 类型作为参数 <code>value</code> 类型的重载。</div>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span> 的重载被删除。 <code>to_chars</code> 拒绝 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span> 类型参数，因为假如允许则结果会是 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"0"</span></span></span>/<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"1"</span></span></span> 而非 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"false"</span></span></span>/<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"true"</span></span></span> 。</div>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> 如同用 <span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-io-c-fprintf.html">std::sprintf</a></span> 于默认（ "C" ）本地环境转换值为字符串。转换指定符是 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">f</span></span> 或 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">e</span></span> ，根据最短表示方式的要求选择（两者相当时优先选择 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">f</span></span> ）：字符串表示由小数点（若存在）前至少有一位，且用对应的 <span class="t-lc">std::from_chars</span> 分析该表示能准确恢复值的，最小数量的字符组成。若有数个这种表示，则选择到 <code>value</code> 的差最小者，用根据 <span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-types-numeric_limits-float_round_style.html">std::round_to_nearest</a></span> 的舍入解决任何剩余倾向</div>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> 同 <span class="t-v">(3)</span> ，但若 <code>fmt</code> 为 <a href="cpp-utility-chars_format.html"><tt>std::chars_format::fixed</tt></a> 则如同对应 printf 的转换指定为 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">f</span></span> ，若 <code>fmt</code> 为 <a href="cpp-utility-chars_format.html"><tt>std::chars_format::scientific</tt></a> 则为 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">e</span></span> ，若 <code>fmt</code> 为 <a href="cpp-utility-chars_format.html"><tt>std::chars_format::hex</tt></a> 则为 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a</span></span> （但结果无前导 "0x" ），且若 <code>fmt</code> 为 <a href="cpp-utility-chars_format.html"><tt>chars_format::general</tt></a> 则为 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">g</span></span> 。</div>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">5)</span> 同 <span class="t-v">(4)</span> ，除了精度以参数 <code>precision</code> 指定，而非以最短表示要求。</div>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">6)</span> 返回类型（见后述返回值）。 <code>std::to_chars_result</code> 无基类或 <code>ptr</code> 、 <code>ec</code> 及隐式声明的特殊成员函数以外的成员。</div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8F.82.E6.95.B0">参数</span></h3>
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<table class="t-par-begin">
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td>first, last</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>要写入的字符范围</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td>value</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>要转换到其字符串表示的值</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td>base</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>使用的整数基底： 2 与 36 间的值（含上下限）。</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td>fmt</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>使用的浮点格式， <a href="cpp-utility-chars_format.html"><tt>std::chars_format</tt></a> 类型的位掩码</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td>precision</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>使用的浮点精度</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.BF.94.E5.9B.9E.E5.80.BC">返回值</span></h3>
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<p>成功时，返回 <code>to_chars_result</code> 类型的值，其 <code>ec</code> 等于值初始化的 <span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-error-errc.html">std::errc</a></span> ，且其 <code>ptr</code> 是指向被写入字符尾后一位置的指针。注意该字符串<i>不</i>是空终止的。</p>
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<p>错误时，返回 <code>to_chars_result</code> 类型的值，它在 <code>ec</code> 保有 <span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-error-errc.html">std::errc::value_too_large</a></span> 于 ，在 <code>ptr</code> 保有 <code>last</code> ，并于范围 <code>[first, last)</code> 中留下未指定状态的内容。</p>
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<div class="t-member">
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="operator.3D.3D.28std::to_chars_result.29">operator==<small>(std::to_chars_result)</small></span></h2>
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<div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">friend</span> <span class="kw4">bool</span> operator<span class="sy1">==</span><span class="br0">(</span> <span class="kw4">const</span> to_chars_result<span class="sy3">&</span>, <span class="kw4">const</span> to_chars_result<span class="sy3">&</span> <span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">default</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></div>
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</td>
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<td class="t-dcl-nopad"></td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dcl-sep">
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<td></td>
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<td></td>
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<td></td>
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<p>检查两个参数的 <code>ptr</code> 与 <code>ec</code> 是否分别相等。</p>
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<p>此函数对通常<a href="cpp-language-unqualified_lookup.html">无限定</a>或<a href="cpp-language-qualified_lookup.html">有限定查找</a>不可见，而只能在 <code>std::to_chars_result</code> 为参数的关联类时由<a href="cpp-language-adl.html">实参依赖查找</a>找到。</p>
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<p><code>!=</code> 运算符从 <code>operator==</code> <a href="cpp-language-operators.html#.E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB.E8.BF.90.E7.AE.97.E7.AC.A6">合成</a>。</p>
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</div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.BC.82.E5.B8.B8">异常</span></h3>
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<p>不抛出。</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.B3.A8.E8.A7.A3">注解</span></h3>
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<p>不同于 C++ 和 C 库中的其他格式化函数， <code>std::to_chars</code> 是独立于本地环境、不分配、不抛出的。它只提供其他库（例如 <span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-io-c-fprintf.html">std::sprintf</a></span> ）所用策略的一个小子集。它的目的是在常见的高吞吐量环境，例如基于文本的交换（ JSON 或 XML ）中，允许尽可能快的实现。</p>
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<p>仅当两个函数都来自同一实现的情况下，才保证 <span class="t-lc">std::from_chars</span> 能恢复每个由 <code>to_chars</code> 格式化的浮点值。</p>
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<p>若想要格式化 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span> 值为 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"0"</span></span></span>/<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="st0">"1"</span></span></span> ，则要求将它显式转型为另一整数类型。</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.A4.BA.E4.BE.8B">示例</span></h3>
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<div class="t-example">
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<div class="t-example-live-link"></div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="cpp source-cpp">
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<pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
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<span class="co2">#include <charconv></span>
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<span class="co2">#include <system_error></span>
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<span class="co2">#include <string_view></span>
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<span class="co2">#include <array></span>
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<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
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<span class="br0">{</span>
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<a href="cpp-container-array.html"><span class="kw1268">std::<span class="me2">array</span></span></a><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw4">char</span>, <span class="nu0">10</span><span class="sy1">></span> str<span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw1">if</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">auto</span> <span class="br0">[</span>p, ec<span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> std<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">to_chars</span><span class="br0">(</span>str.<span class="me1">data</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>, str.<span class="me1">data</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy2">+</span> str.<span class="me1">size</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>, <span class="nu0">42</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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ec <span class="sy1">==</span> <a href="cpp-error-errc.html"><span class="kw880">std::<span class="me2">errc</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span>
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<a href="cpp-io-cout.html"><span class="kw1758">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <a href="cpp-string-basic_string_view.html"><span class="kw1248">std::<span class="me2">string_view</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span>str.<span class="me1">data</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>, p <span class="sy2">-</span> str.<span class="me1">data</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>输出：</p>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="text source-text">
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<pre class="de1">42</pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.BC.BA.E9.99.B7.E6.8A.A5.E5.91.8A">缺陷报告</span></h3>
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<p>下列更改行为的缺陷报告追溯地应用于以前出版的 C++ 标准。</p>
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<table class="dsctable" style="font-size:0.8em">
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<tr>
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<th>DR</th>
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<th>应用于</th>
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<th>出版时的行为</th>
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<th>正确行为</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/LWG/issue2955">LWG 2955</a></td>
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<td>C++17</td>
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<td>此函数在 <utility> 且使用 <span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-error-error_code.html">std::error_code</a></span></td>
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<td>移动到 <charconv> 并使用 <span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-error-errc.html">std::errc</a></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/LWG/issue3266">LWG 3266</a></td>
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<td>C++17</td>
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<td>曾接受 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span> 实参并将它提升到 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span></td>
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<td>由被删除的重载拒绝</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/LWG/issue3373">LWG 3373</a></td>
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<td>C++17</td>
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<td><code>to_chars_result</code> 可能拥有额外的成员</td>
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<td>禁止额外的成员</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8F.82.E9.98.85">参阅</span></h3>
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<table class="t-dsc-begin">
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="cpp-utility-from_chars.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>from_chars</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>转换字符序列到整数或浮点值<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr class="t-dsc">
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|
<td>
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|
<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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|
<div><a href="cpp-string-basic_string-to_string.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>to_string</span></span></a></div>
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|
<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div>
|
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</div>
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</td>
|
|
<td>转换整数或浮点值为 <code>string</code><br />
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|
<span class="t-mark">(函数)</span></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-dsc">
|
|
<td>
|
|
<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
|
|
<div><a href="cpp-io-c-fprintf.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>printf</span><span>fprintf</span><span>sprintf</span><span>snprintf</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></span></span></div>
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|
</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>打印有格式输出到 <span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-io-c.html">stdout</a></span>、文件流或缓冲区<br />
|
|
<span class="t-mark">(函数)</span></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-dsc">
|
|
<td>
|
|
<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
|
|
<div><a href="cpp-io-basic_ostream-operator_ltlt.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>operator<<</span></span></a></div>
|
|
</div>
|
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</td>
|
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<td>插入带格式数据<br />
|
|
<span class="t-mark">(<code>std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits></code> 的公开成员函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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<div class="visualClear"></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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