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<section id="module-msvcrt">
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<span id="msvcrt-useful-routines-from-the-ms-vc-runtime"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-msvcrt" title="msvcrt: Miscellaneous useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime. (Windows)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span></code></a> --- 来自 MS VC++ 运行时的有用例程<a class="headerlink" href="#module-msvcrt" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p>这些函数提供了对 Windows 平台上一些有用功能的访问。一些更高级别的模块使用这些函数来构建其服务的 Windows 实现。 例如， <a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html#module-getpass" title="getpass: Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code></a> 模块在实现 <a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html#module-getpass" title="getpass: Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpass()</span></code></a> 函数时使用了这些函数。</p>
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<p>关于这些函数的更多信息可以在平台 API 文档中找到。</p>
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<p>该模块实现了控制台 I/O API 的普通和宽字符变体。普通的 API 只处理ASCII字符，国际化应用受限。应该尽可能地使用宽字符 API 。</p>
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.3 版更改: </span>此模块中过去会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#IOError" title="IOError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IOError</span></code></a> 的操作现在将引发 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a>。</p>
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</div>
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<section id="file-operations">
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<span id="msvcrt-files"></span><h2>文件操作<a class="headerlink" href="#file-operations" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.locking">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">locking</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">fd</em>, <em class="sig-param">mode</em>, <em class="sig-param">nbytes</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.locking" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>基于文件描述符 <em>fd</em> 从 C 运行时锁定文件的某一部分。 失败时引发 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a>。 锁定的文件区域从当前文件位置开始扩展 <em>nbytes</em> 个字节，并可能持续到超出文件末尾。 <em>mode</em> 必须为下面列出的 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LK_*</span></code> 之一。 一个文件中的多个区域可以被同时锁定，但是不能重叠。 相邻区域不会被合并；它们必须单独被解锁。</p>
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<p class="audit-hook">引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">审计事件</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt.locking</span></code> 并附带参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fd</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mode</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nbytes</span></code>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="msvcrt.LK_LOCK">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">LK_LOCK</code><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_LOCK" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dt id="msvcrt.LK_RLCK">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">LK_RLCK</code><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_RLCK" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>锁定指定的字节数据。 如果字节数据无法被锁定，程序会在 1 秒之后立即重试。 如果在 10 次尝试后字节数据仍无法被锁定，则会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="msvcrt.LK_NBLCK">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">LK_NBLCK</code><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_NBLCK" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dt id="msvcrt.LK_NBRLCK">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">LK_NBRLCK</code><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_NBRLCK" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>锁定指定的字节数据。 如果字节数据无法被锁定，则会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="msvcrt.LK_UNLCK">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">LK_UNLCK</code><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_UNLCK" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>解锁指定的字节数据，该对象必须在之前被锁定。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.setmode">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">setmode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">fd</em>, <em class="sig-param">flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.setmode" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>设置文件描述符 <em>fd</em> 的行结束符转写模式。 要将其设为文本模式，则 <em>flags</em> 应当为 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_TEXT" title="os.O_TEXT"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_TEXT</span></code></a>；设为二进制模式，则应当为 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_BINARY" title="os.O_BINARY"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_BINARY</span></code></a>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.open_osfhandle">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">open_osfhandle</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">handle</em>, <em class="sig-param">flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.open_osfhandle" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>基于文件句柄 <em>handle</em> 创建一个 C 运行时文件描述符。 <em>flags</em> 形参应当 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_APPEND" title="os.O_APPEND"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_APPEND</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_RDONLY" title="os.O_RDONLY"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_RDONLY</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_TEXT" title="os.O_TEXT"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_TEXT</span></code></a> 按位 OR 的结果。 返回的文件描述符可以被用作 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fdopen" title="os.fdopen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fdopen()</span></code></a> 的形参以创建一个文件对象。</p>
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<p class="audit-hook">引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">审计事件</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt.open_osfhandle</span></code> 并附带参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">handle</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flags</span></code>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.get_osfhandle">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">get_osfhandle</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">fd</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.get_osfhandle" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>返回文件描述符 <em>fd</em> 的文件句柄。 如果 <em>fd</em> 不能被识别则会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a>。</p>
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<p class="audit-hook">引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">审计事件</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt.get_osfhandle</span></code> 并附带参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fd</span></code>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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</section>
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<section id="console-i-o">
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<span id="msvcrt-console"></span><h2>控制台 I/O<a class="headerlink" href="#console-i-o" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.kbhit">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">kbhit</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.kbhit" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>如果有某个按键正在等待被读取则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.getch">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.getch" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>读取一个按键并将结果字符返回为一个字节串。 不会有内容回显到缝制台。 如果还没有任何键被按下此调用将会阻塞，但它将不会等待 <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Enter</kbd> 被按下。 如果按下的键是一个特殊功能键，此函数将返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\000'</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\xe0'</span></code>；下一次调用将返回键代码。 <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control-C</kbd> 按钮无法使用此函数来读取。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.getwch">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getwch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.getwch" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getch" title="msvcrt.getch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getch()</span></code></a> 的宽字符版本，返回一个 Unicode 值。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="msvcrt.getche">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getche</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.getche" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>类似于 <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getch" title="msvcrt.getch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getch()</span></code></a>，但按键如果表示一个可打印字符则它将被回显。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="msvcrt.getwche">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getwche</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.getwche" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getche" title="msvcrt.getche"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getche()</span></code></a> 的宽字符版本，返回一个 Unicode 值。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="msvcrt.putch">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">putch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">char</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.putch" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>将字符串 <em>char</em> 打印到终端，不使用缓冲区。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="msvcrt.putwch">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">putwch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">unicode_char</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.putwch" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.putch" title="msvcrt.putch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">putch()</span></code></a> 的宽字符版本，接受一个 Unicode 值。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="msvcrt.ungetch">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">ungetch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">char</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.ungetch" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>使得字节串 <em>char</em> 被“推回”终端缓冲区；它将是被 <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getch" title="msvcrt.getch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getch()</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getche" title="msvcrt.getche"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getche()</span></code></a> 读取的下一个字符。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="msvcrt.ungetwch">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">ungetwch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">unicode_char</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.ungetwch" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.ungetch" title="msvcrt.ungetch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ungetch()</span></code></a> 的宽字符版本，接受一个 Unicode 值。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="other-functions">
|
||
<span id="msvcrt-other"></span><h2>其他函数<a class="headerlink" href="#other-functions" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="msvcrt.heapmin">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="sig-name descname">heapmin</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.heapmin" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>强制 <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">malloc()</span></code> 堆清空自身并将未使用的块返回给操作系统。 失败时，这将引发 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
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|
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</section>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span></code> --- 来自 MS VC++ 运行时的有用例程</a><ul>
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