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<section id="module-os.path">
<span id="os-path-common-pathname-manipulations"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-os.path" title="os.path: Operations on pathnames."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code></a> --- 常用路径操作<a class="headerlink" href="#module-os.path" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h1>
<p><strong>源代码：</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/posixpath.py">Lib/posixpath.py</a> （用于 POSIX）和 <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/ntpath.py">Lib/ntpath.py</a> （用于 Windows NT）</p>
<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
<p>该模块在路径名上实现了一些有用的功能：如需读取或写入文件，请参见 <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a> ；有关访问文件系统的信息，请参见 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a> 模块。路径参数可以字符串或字节形式传递。我们鼓励应用程序将文件名表示为（Unicode）字符串。不幸的是，某些文件名在Unix上可能无法用字符串表示，因此在Unix上平台上需要支持任意文件名的应用程序，应使用字节对象来表示路径名。反之亦然，在Windows平台上仅使用字节对象，不能表示的所有文件名（以标准 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mbcs</span></code> 编码），因此Windows应用程序应使用字符串对象来访问所有文件。</p>
<p>与unix shell不同，Python不执行任何 <em>自动</em> 路径扩展。当应用程序需要类似shell的路径扩展时，可以显式调用诸如 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expanduser()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.expandvars" title="os.path.expandvars"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expandvars()</span></code></a> 之类的函数。 （另请参见 <a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> 模块。）</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="pathlib.html#module-pathlib" title="pathlib: Object-oriented filesystem paths"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathlib</span></code></a> 模块提供高级路径对象。</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
<p>所有这些函数都仅接受字节或字符串对象作为其参数。如果返回路径或文件名，则结果是相同类型的对象。</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
<p>由于不同的操作系统具有不同的路径名称约定，因此标准库中有此模块的几个版本。<a class="reference internal" href="#module-os.path" title="os.path: Operations on pathnames."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code></a> 模块始终是适合 Python 运行的操作系统的路径模块，因此可用于本地路径。但是，如果操作的路径 <em>总是</em> 以一种不同的格式显示，那么也可以分别导入和使用各个模块。它们都具有相同的接口：</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posixpath</span></code> 用于Unix 样式的路径</p></li>
<li><p><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ntpath</span></code> 用于 Windows 路径</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.8 版更改: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exists()</span></code></a>、<a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.lexists" title="os.path.lexists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lexists()</span></code></a>、<a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isdir" title="os.path.isdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isdir()</span></code></a>、<a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isfile" title="os.path.isfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isfile()</span></code></a>、<a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.ismount" title="os.path.ismount"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ismount()</span></code></a> 现在遇到系统层面上不可表示的字符或字节的路径时，会返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>，而不是抛出异常。</p>
</div>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.abspath">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">abspath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.abspath" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>返回路径 <em>path</em> 的绝对路径（标准化的）。在大多数平台上，这等同于用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normpath(join(os.getcwd(),</span> <span class="pre">path))</span></code> 的方式调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.normpath" title="os.path.normpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normpath()</span></code></a> 函数。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.basename">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">basename</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.basename" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>返回路径 <em>path</em> 的基本名称。这是将 <em>path</em> 传入函数 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.split" title="os.path.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split()</span></code></a> 之后，返回的一对值中的第二个元素。请注意，此函数的结果与Unix <strong class="program">basename</strong> 程序不同。<strong class="program">basename</strong> 在 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'/foo/bar/'</span></code> 上返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'bar'</span></code>，而 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.basename" title="os.path.basename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">basename()</span></code></a> 函数返回一个空字符串 (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>)。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.commonpath">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">commonpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">paths</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.commonpath" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>接受包含多个路径的序列 <em>paths</em>，返回 <em>paths</em> 的最长公共子路径。如果 <em>paths</em> 同时包含绝对路径和相对路径，或 <em>paths</em> 在不同的驱动器上，或 <em>paths</em> 为空，则抛出 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> 异常。与 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.commonprefix" title="os.path.commonprefix"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commonprefix()</span></code></a> 不同，本方法返回有效路径。</p>
<p class="availability"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">可用性</span></a>: Unix, Windows。</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.5 新版功能.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">类路径对象</span></a> 序列。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.commonprefix">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">commonprefix</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">list</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.commonprefix" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>接受包含多个路径的 <em>列表</em>，返回所有路径的最长公共前缀（逐字符比较）。如果 <em>列表</em> 为空，则返回空字符串 (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>)。</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
<p>此函数是逐字符比较，因此可能返回无效路径。要获取有效路径，参见 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.commonpath" title="os.path.commonpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commonpath()</span></code></a>。</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commonprefix</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;/usr/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/usr/local/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="go">&#39;/usr/l&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commonpath</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;/usr/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/usr/local/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="go">&#39;/usr&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.dirname">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">dirname</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.dirname" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>返回路径 <em>path</em> 的目录名称。这是将 <em>path</em> 传入函数 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.split" title="os.path.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split()</span></code></a> 之后，返回的一对值中的第一个元素。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.exists">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">exists</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.exists" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果 <em>path</em> 指向一个已存在的路径或已打开的文件描述符，返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。对于失效的符号链接，返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>。在某些平台上，如果使用 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> 查询到目标文件没有执行权限，即使 <em>path</em> 确实存在，本函数也可能返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.3 版更改: </span><em>path</em> 现在可以是一个整数：如果该整数是一个已打开的文件描述符，返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>，否则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>。</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.lexists">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">lexists</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.lexists" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果 <em>path</em> 指向一个已存在的路径，返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。对于失效的符号链接，也返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。在缺失 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.lstat" title="os.lstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.lstat()</span></code></a> 的平台上等同于 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exists()</span></code></a>。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<span class="target" id="index-1"></span><dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.expanduser">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">expanduser</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.expanduser" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>在 Unix 和 Windows 上，将参数中开头部分的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> 替换为当前 <em>用户</em> 的家目录并返回。</p>
<p id="index-2">在 Unix 上，开头的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> 会被环境变量 <span class="target" id="index-14"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOME</span></code> 代替，如果变量未设置，则通过内置模块 <a class="reference internal" href="pwd.html#module-pwd" title="pwd: The password database (getpwnam() and friends). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code></a> 在 password 目录中查找当前用户的主目录。以 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> 开头则直接在 password 目录中查找。</p>
<p>在 Windows 上，如果设置了 <span class="target" id="index-15"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USERPROFILE</span></code>，就使用这个变量，否则会将 <span class="target" id="index-16"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOMEPATH</span></code> 和 <span class="target" id="index-17"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOMEDRIVE</span></code> 结合在一起使用。以 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> 开头则将上述方法生成路径的最后一截目录替换成 user。</p>
<p>如果展开路径失败，或者路径不是以波浪号开头，则路径将保持不变。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.8 版更改: </span>Windows 不再使用 <span class="target" id="index-18"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOME</span></code>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<span class="target" id="index-8"></span><dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.expandvars">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">expandvars</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.expandvars" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>输入带有环境变量的路径作为参数，返回展开变量以后的路径。<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$name</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${name}</span></code> 形式的子字符串被环境变量 <em>name</em> 的值替换。格式错误的变量名称和对不存在变量的引用保持不变。</p>
<p>在 Windows 上，除了 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$name</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${name}</span></code> 外，还可以展开 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%name%</span></code>。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.getatime">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getatime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getatime" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>返回 <em>path</em> 的最后访问时间。返回值是一个浮点数，为纪元秒数（参见 <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> 模块）。如果该文件不存在或不可访问，则抛出 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> 异常。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.getmtime">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getmtime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getmtime" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>返回 <em>path</em> 的最后修改时间。返回值是一个浮点数，为纪元秒数（参见 <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> 模块）。如果该文件不存在或不可访问，则抛出 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> 异常。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.getctime">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getctime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getctime" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>返回 <em>path</em> 在系统中的 ctime，在有些系统（比如 Unix）上，它是元数据的最后修改时间，其他系统（比如 Windows）上，它是 <em>path</em> 的创建时间。返回值是一个数，为纪元秒数（参见 <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> 模块）。如果该文件不存在或不可访问，则抛出 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> 异常。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.getsize">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getsize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getsize" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>返回 <em>path</em> 的大小，以字节为单位。如果该文件不存在或不可访问，则抛出 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> 异常。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.isabs">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">isabs</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isabs" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果 <em>path</em> 是一个绝对路径，则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。在 Unix 上，它就是以斜杠开头，而在 Windows 上，它可以是去掉驱动器号后以斜杠（或反斜杠）开头。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.isfile">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">isfile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isfile" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果 <em>path</em> 是 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">现有的</span></code></a> 常规文件，则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。本方法会跟踪符号链接，因此，对于同一路径，<a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isfile" title="os.path.isfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isfile()</span></code></a> 都可能为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.isdir">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">isdir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isdir" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果 <em>path</em> 是 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">现有的</span></code></a> 目录，则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。本方法会跟踪符号链接，因此，对于同一路径，<a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isdir" title="os.path.isdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isdir()</span></code></a> 都可能为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.islink">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">islink</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.islink" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果 <em>path</em> 指向的 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">现有</span></code></a> 目录条目是一个符号链接，则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。如果 Python 运行时不支持符号链接，则总是返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.ismount">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">ismount</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.ismount" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果路径 <em>path</em> 是 <em class="dfn">挂载点</em> （文件系统中挂载其他文件系统的点），则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。在 POSIX 上，该函数检查 <em>path</em> 的父目录 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">path</span></em><span class="pre">/..</span></code> 是否在与 <em>path</em> 不同的设备上，或者 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">path</span></em><span class="pre">/..</span></code> 和 <em>path</em> 是否指向同一设备上的同一 inode（这一检测挂载点的方法适用于所有 Unix 和 POSIX 变体）。本方法不能可靠地检测同一文件系统上的绑定挂载 (bind mount)。在 Windows 上，盘符和共享 UNC 始终是挂载点，对于任何其他路径，将调用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GetVolumePathName</span></code> 来查看它是否与输入的路径不同。</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.4 新版功能: </span>支持在 Windows 上检测非根挂载点。</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.join">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">join</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em>, <em class="sig-param">*paths</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.join" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>智能地拼接一个或多个路径部分。 返回值是 <em>path</em> 和 <em>*paths</em> 的所有成员的拼接，其中每个非空部分后面都紧跟一个目录分隔符，最后一个部分除外，这意味着如果最后一个部分为空，则结果将以分隔符结尾。 如果某个部分为绝对路径，则之前的所有部分会被丢弃并从绝对路径部分开始继续拼接。</p>
<p>在 Windows 上，遇到绝对路径部分（例如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r'\foo'</span></code>）时，不会重置盘符。如果某部分路径包含盘符，则会丢弃所有先前的部分，并重置盘符。请注意，由于每个驱动器都有一个“当前目录”，所以 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.join(&quot;c:&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">&quot;foo&quot;)</span></code> 表示驱动器 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C:</span></code> 上当前目录的相对路径 (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c:foo</span></code>)，而不是 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c:\foo</span></code>。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">类路径对象</span></a> 用于 <em>path</em> 和 <em>paths</em> 。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.normcase">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">normcase</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.normcase" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>规范路径的大小写。在 Windows 上，将路径中的所有字符都转换为小写，并将正斜杠转换为反斜杠。在其他操作系统上返回原路径。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.normpath">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">normpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.normpath" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>通过折叠多余的分隔符和对上级目录的引用来标准化路径名，所以 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A//B</span></code>、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/B/</span></code>、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/./B</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/foo/../B</span></code> 都会转换成 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/B</span></code>。这个字符串操作可能会改变带有符号链接的路径的含义。在 Windows 上，本方法将正斜杠转换为反斜杠。要规范大小写，请使用 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.normcase" title="os.path.normcase"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normcase()</span></code></a>。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.realpath">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">realpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.realpath" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>返回指定文件的规范路径，消除路径中存在的任何符号链接（如果操作系统支持）。</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
<p>当发生符号链接循环时，返回的路径将是该循环的某个组成部分，但不能保证是哪个部分。</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.8 版更改: </span>在 Windows 上现在可以正确解析符号链接和交接点 (junction point)。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.relpath">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">relpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em>, <em class="sig-param">start=os.curdir</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.relpath" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>返回从当前目录或可选的 <em>start</em> 目录至 <em>path</em> 的相对文件路径。 这只是一个路径计算：不会访问文件系统来确认 <em>path</em> 或 <em>start</em> 是否存在或其性质。 在 Windows 上，当 <em>path</em> 和 <em>start</em> 位于不同驱动器时将引发 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a>。</p>
<p><em>start</em> 默认为 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.curdir" title="os.curdir"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.curdir</span></code></a>。</p>
<p class="availability"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">可用性</span></a>: Unix, Windows。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.samefile">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">samefile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path1</em>, <em class="sig-param">path2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.samefile" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果两个路径都指向相同的文件或目录，则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。这由设备号和 inode 号确定，在任一路径上调用 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> 失败则抛出异常。</p>
<p class="availability"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">可用性</span></a>: Unix, Windows。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.2 版更改: </span>添加了对 Windows 的支持。</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.4 版更改: </span>Windows现在使用与其他所有平台相同的实现。</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.sameopenfile">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">sameopenfile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">fp1</em>, <em class="sig-param">fp2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.sameopenfile" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果文件描述符 <em>fp1</em> 和 <em>fp2</em> 指向相同文件，则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。</p>
<p class="availability"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">可用性</span></a>: Unix, Windows。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.2 版更改: </span>添加了对 Windows 的支持。</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.samestat">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">samestat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">stat1</em>, <em class="sig-param">stat2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.samestat" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果 stat 元组 <em>stat1</em> 和 <em>stat2</em> 指向相同文件，则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。这些 stat 元组可能是由 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fstat" title="os.fstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fstat()</span></code></a>、<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.lstat" title="os.lstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.lstat()</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> 返回的。本函数实现了 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.samefile" title="os.path.samefile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">samefile()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.sameopenfile" title="os.path.sameopenfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sameopenfile()</span></code></a> 底层所使用的比较过程。</p>
<p class="availability"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">可用性</span></a>: Unix, Windows。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.4 版更改: </span>添加了对 Windows 的支持。</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.split">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">split</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.split" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>将路径 <em>path</em> 拆分为一对，即 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(head,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code>，其中，<em>tail</em> 是路径的最后一部分，而 <em>head</em> 里是除最后部分外的所有内容。<em>tail</em> 部分不会包含斜杠，如果 <em>path</em> 以斜杠结尾，则 <em>tail</em> 将为空。如果 <em>path</em> 中没有斜杠，<em>head</em> 将为空。如果 <em>path</em> 为空，则 <em>head</em> 和 <em>tail</em> 均为空。<em>head</em> 末尾的斜杠会被去掉，除非它是根目录（即它仅包含一个或多个斜杠）。在所有情况下，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">join(head,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> 指向的位置都与 <em>path</em> 相同（但字符串可能不同）。另请参见函数 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.dirname" title="os.path.dirname"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dirname()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.basename" title="os.path.basename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">basename()</span></code></a>。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.splitdrive">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">splitdrive</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitdrive" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>将路径 <em>path</em> 拆分为一对，即 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(drive,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code>，其中 <em>drive</em> 是挂载点或空字符串。在没有驱动器概念的系统上，<em>drive</em> 将始终为空字符串。在所有情况下，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drive</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">tail</span></code> 都与 <em>path</em> 相同。</p>
<p>在 Windows 上，本方法将路径拆分为驱动器/UNC 根节点和相对路径。</p>
<p>如果路径 path 包含盘符，则 drive 将包含冒号及冒号前面的所有内容。例如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">splitdrive(&quot;c:/dir&quot;)</span></code> 返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(&quot;c:&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">&quot;/dir&quot;)</span></code>。</p>
<p>如果 path 是一个 UNC 路径，则 drive 将包含主机名和共享点，但不包括第四个分隔符。例如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">splitdrive(&quot;//host/computer/dir&quot;)</span></code> 返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(&quot;//host/computer&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">&quot;/dir&quot;)</span></code>。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.splitext">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">splitext</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitext" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>将路径 <em>path</em> 拆分为一对，即 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(root,</span> <span class="pre">ext)</span></code>，使 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">ext</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">path</span></code>，其中 <em>ext</em> 为空或以英文句点开头，且最多包含一个句点。路径前的句点将被忽略，例如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">splitext('.cshrc')</span></code> 返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">('.cshrc',</span> <span class="pre">'')</span></code>。</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>接受一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>。</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="os.path.supports_unicode_filenames">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">supports_unicode_filenames</code><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.supports_unicode_filenames" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>如果（在文件系统限制下）允许将任意 Unicode 字符串用作文件名，则为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>。</p>
</dd></dl>
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