389 lines
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">XML处理模块</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#xml-vulnerabilities">XML 漏洞</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-defusedxml-package"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">defusedxml</span></code> 包</a></li>
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<section id="module-xml">
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<span id="xml-processing-modules"></span><span id="xml"></span><h1>XML处理模块<a class="headerlink" href="#module-xml" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>源码：</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/xml/">Lib/xml/</a></p>
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<p>用于处理XML的Python接口分组在 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml</span></code> 包中。</p>
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<p class="admonition-title">警告</p>
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<p>XML 模块对于错误或恶意构造的数据是不安全的。 如果你需要解析不受信任或未经身份验证的数据，请参阅 <a class="reference internal" href="#xml-vulnerabilities"><span class="std std-ref">XML 漏洞</span></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#defusedxml-package"><span class="std std-ref">defusedxml 包</span></a> 部分。</p>
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<p>值得注意的是 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml" title="xml: Package containing XML processing modules"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml</span></code></a> 包中的模块要求至少有一个 SAX 兼容的 XML 解析器可用。在 Python 中包含 Expat 解析器，因此 <a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat" title="xml.parsers.expat: An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></code></a> 模块将始终可用。</p>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#module-xml.dom" title="xml.dom: Document Object Model API for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.html#module-xml.sax" title="xml.sax: Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></code></a> 包的文档是 DOM 和 SAX 接口的 Python 绑定的定义。</p>
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<p>XML 处理子模块包括:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#module-xml.etree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree: Implementation of the ElementTree API."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></code></a>： ElementTree API，一个简单而轻量级的XML处理器</p></li>
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</ul>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#module-xml.dom" title="xml.dom: Document Object Model API for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></code></a>：DOM API 定义</p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom.html#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.minidom</span></code></a>：最小的 DOM 实现</p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.pulldom.html#module-xml.dom.pulldom" title="xml.dom.pulldom: Support for building partial DOM trees from SAX events."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.pulldom</span></code></a>：支持构建部分 DOM 树</p></li>
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</ul>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.html#module-xml.sax" title="xml.sax: Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></code></a>：SAX2 基类和便利函数</p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat" title="xml.parsers.expat: An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></code></a>：Expat解析器绑定</p></li>
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</ul>
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<section id="xml-vulnerabilities">
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<span id="id1"></span><h2>XML 漏洞<a class="headerlink" href="#xml-vulnerabilities" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>XML 处理模块对于恶意构造的数据是不安全的。 攻击者可能滥用 XML 功能来执行拒绝服务攻击、访问本地文件、生成与其它计算机的网络连接或绕过防火墙。</p>
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<p>下表概述了已知的攻击以及各种模块是否容易受到攻击。</p>
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<table class="docutils align-default">
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<colgroup>
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<col style="width: 22%" />
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<col style="width: 16%" />
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<col style="width: 16%" />
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<col style="width: 16%" />
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<col style="width: 16%" />
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<col style="width: 16%" />
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</colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>种类</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>sax</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>etree</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>minidom</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>pulldom</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>xmlrpc</p></th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p>billion laughs</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (1)</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (1)</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (1)</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (1)</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (1)</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>quadratic blowup</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (1)</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (1)</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (1)</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (1)</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (1)</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p>external entity expansion</p></td>
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<td><p>安全 (5)</p></td>
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<td><p>安全 (2)</p></td>
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<td><p>安全 (3)</p></td>
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<td><p>安全 (5)</p></td>
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<td><p>安全 (4)</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_type_definition">DTD</a> retrieval</p></td>
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<td><p>安全 (5)</p></td>
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<td><p>安全</p></td>
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<td><p>安全</p></td>
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<td><p>安全 (5)</p></td>
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<td><p>安全</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p>decompression bomb</p></td>
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<td><p>安全</p></td>
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<td><p>安全</p></td>
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<td><p>安全</p></td>
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<td><p>安全</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong></p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>解析大量词元</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (6)</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (6)</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (6)</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (6)</p></td>
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<td><p><strong>易受攻击</strong> (6)</p></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<ol class="arabic simple">
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<li><p>Expat 2.4.1 及更新的版本不易受 "billion laughs" 和 "quadratic blowup" 漏洞的攻击。 因为可能要依赖系统提供的库而仍被列为易受攻击的项目。 请检查 <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyexpat.EXPAT_VERSION</span></code>。</p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#module-xml.etree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree: Implementation of the ElementTree API."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></code></a> 不会扩展外部实体并在实体发生时引发 <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ParserError</span></code>。</p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom.html#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.minidom</span></code></a> 不会扩展外部实体，只是简单地返回未扩展的实体。</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpclib</span></code> 不扩展外部实体并省略它们。</p></li>
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<li><p>从 Python 3.7.1 开始，默认情况下不再处理外部通用实体。</p></li>
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<li><p>Expat 2.6.0 及更新的版本不易受到因解析大量词元而导致利用指数级运行时间的拒绝服务攻击。 由于对系统所提供的库的潜在依赖仍会有一些项目被列为易受攻击。 请检查 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyexpat.EXPAT_VERSION</span></code>。</p></li>
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</ol>
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<dl class="simple">
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<dt>billion laughs / exponential entity expansion （狂笑/递归实体扩展）</dt><dd><p><a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion_laughs">Billion Laughs</a> 攻击 -- 也称为递归实体扩展 -- 使用多级嵌套实体。 每个实体多次引用另一个实体，最终实体定义包含一个小字符串。 指数级扩展导致几千 GB 的文本，并消耗大量内存和 CPU 时间。</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>quadratic blowup entity expansion（二次爆炸实体扩展）</dt><dd><p>二次爆炸攻击类似于 <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion_laughs">Billion Laughs</a> 攻击，它也滥用实体扩展。 它不是嵌套实体，而是一遍又一遍地重复一个具有几千个字符的大型实体。攻击不如递归情况有效，但它避免触发禁止深度嵌套实体的解析器对策。</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>external entity expansion</dt><dd><p>实体声明可以包含的不仅仅是替换文本。 它们还可以指向外部资源或本地文件。 XML 解析器访问资源并将内容嵌入到 XML 文档中。</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_type_definition">DTD</a> retrieval</dt><dd><p>Python 的一些 XML 库 <a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.pulldom.html#module-xml.dom.pulldom" title="xml.dom.pulldom: Support for building partial DOM trees from SAX events."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.pulldom</span></code></a> 从远程或本地位置检索文档类型定义。 该功能与外部实体扩展问题具有相似的含义。</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>decompression bomb</dt><dd><p>Decompression bombs（解压炸弹，又名 <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_bomb">ZIP bomb</a>）适用于所有可以解析压缩 XML 流（例如 gzip 压缩的 HTTP 流或 LZMA 压缩的文件）的 XML 库。 对于攻击者来说，它可以将传输的数据量减少三个量级或更多。</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>解析大量词元</dt><dd><p>Expat 需要重新解析未完成的词元；在没有 Expat 2.6.0 所引入的防护措施的情况下，这会导致可被用来在解析 XML 的应用程序中制造拒绝服务攻击的指数级运行时间。 此问题被称为 <a class="reference external" href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2023-52425">CVE-2023-52425</a>。</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>PyPI上 <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/defusedxml/">defusedxml</a> 的文档包含有关所有已知攻击向量的更多信息以及示例和参考。</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="the-defusedxml-package">
|
||
<span id="defusedxml-package"></span><h2><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">defusedxml</span></code> 包<a class="headerlink" href="#the-defusedxml-package" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/defusedxml/">defusedxml</a> 是一个纯 Python 软件包，它修改了所有标准库 XML 解析器的子类，可以防止任何潜在的恶意操作。 对于解析不受信任的XML数据的任何服务器代码，建议使用此程序包。 该软件包还提供了有关更多 XML 漏洞（如 XPath 注入）的示例漏洞和扩展文档。</p>
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