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<section id="module-cmd">
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<span id="cmd-support-for-line-oriented-command-interpreters"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-cmd" title="cmd: Build line-oriented command interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd</span></code></a> --- 支持面向行的命令解释器<a class="headerlink" href="#module-cmd" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>源代码:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/cmd.py">Lib/cmd.py</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cmd</span></code></a> 类提供简单框架用于编写面向行的命令解释器。 这些通常对测试工具，管理工具和原型有用，这些工具随后将被包含在更复杂的接口中。</p>
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<dl class="class">
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<dt id="cmd.Cmd">
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Cmd</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">completekey='tab'</em>, <em class="sig-param">stdin=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">stdout=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cmd</span></code></a> 实例或子类实例是面向行的解释器框架结构。 实例化 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cmd</span></code></a> 本身是没有充分理由的， 它作为自定义解释器类的超类是非常有用的为了继承 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cmd</span></code></a> 的方法并且封装动作方法。</p>
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<p>可选参数 <em>completekey</em> 是完成键的 <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code></a> 名称；默认是 <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Tab</kbd> 。如果 <em>completekey</em> 不是 <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></a> 并且 <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code></a> 是可用的， 命令完成会自动完成。</p>
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<p>可选参数 <em>stdin</em> 和 <em>stdout</em> 指定了Cmd实例或子类实例将用于输入和输出的输入和输出文件对象。如果没有指定，他们将默认为 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.stdin" title="sys.stdin"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdin</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.stdout" title="sys.stdout"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code></a> 。</p>
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<p>如果你想要使用一个给定的 <em>stdin</em> ，确保将实例的 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.use_rawinput" title="cmd.Cmd.use_rawinput"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">use_rawinput</span></code></a> 属性设置为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> ，否则 <em>stdin</em> 将被忽略。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<section id="cmd-objects">
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<span id="id1"></span><h2>Cmd 对象<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd-objects" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cmd</span></code></a> 实例有下列方法：</p>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="cmd.Cmd.cmdloop">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">cmdloop</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">intro=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.cmdloop" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>反复发出提示，接受输入，从收到的输入中解析出一个初始前缀，并分派给操作方法，将其余的行作为参数传递给它们。</p>
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<p>可选参数是在第一个提示之前发布的横幅或介绍字符串（这将覆盖 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.intro" title="cmd.Cmd.intro"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">intro</span></code></a> 类属性）。</p>
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<p>如果 <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code></a> 继承模块被加载，输入将自动继承类似 <strong class="program">bash</strong>的历史列表编辑（例如， <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control-P</kbd> 滚动回到最后一个命令， <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control-N</kbd> 转到下一个命令，以 <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control-F</kbd> 非破坏性的方式向右 <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control-B</kbd> 移动光标，破坏性地等）。</p>
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<p>输入的文件结束符被作为字符串传回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'EOF'</span></code> 。</p>
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<p id="index-0">解释器实例将会识别命令名称 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo</span></code> 当且仅当它有方法 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">do_foo()</span></code> 。有一个特殊情况，分派始于字符 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'?'</span></code> 的行到方法 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">do_help()</span></code> 。另一种特殊情况，分派始于字符 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'!'</span></code> 的行到方法 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">do_shell()</span></code> （如果定义了这个方法）</p>
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<p>这个方法将返回当 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.postcmd" title="cmd.Cmd.postcmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">postcmd()</span></code></a> 方法返回一个真值 。参数 <em>stop</em> 到 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.postcmd" title="cmd.Cmd.postcmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">postcmd()</span></code></a> 是命令对应的返回值 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">do_*()</span></code> 的方法。</p>
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<p>如果激活了完成，全部命令将会自动完成，并且通过调用 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">complete_foo()</span></code> 参数 <em>text</em> , <em>line</em>, <em>begidx</em> ,和 <em>endidx</em> 完成全部命令参数。 <em>text</em> 是我们试图匹配的字符串前缀，所有返回的匹配项必须以它为开头。 <em>line</em> 是删除了前导空格的当前的输入行， <em>begidx</em> 和 <em>endidx</em> 是前缀文本的开始和结束索引。，可以用于根据参数位置提供不同的完成。</p>
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<p>所有 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cmd</span></code></a> 的子类继承一个预定义 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">do_help()</span></code> 。 这个方法使用参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'bar'</span></code> 调用， 调用对应的方法 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help_bar()</span></code> ，如果不存在，打印 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">do_bar()</span></code> 的文档字符串，如果可用。没有参数的情况下， <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">do_help()</span></code> 方法会列出所有可用的帮助主题 （即所有具有相应的 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help_*()</span></code> 方法或命令的 文档字符串），也会列举所有未被记录的命令。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="cmd.Cmd.onecmd">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">onecmd</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">str</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.onecmd" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>解释该参数，就好像它是为响应提示而键入的一样。 这可能会被覆盖，但通常不应该被覆盖; 请参阅： <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.precmd" title="cmd.Cmd.precmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">precmd()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.postcmd" title="cmd.Cmd.postcmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">postcmd()</span></code></a> 方法，用于执行有用的挂钩。 返回值是一个标志，指示解释器对命令的解释是否应该停止。 如果命令 <em>str</em> 有一个 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">do_*()</span></code> 方法，则返回该方法的返回值，否则返回 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.default" title="cmd.Cmd.default"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">default()</span></code></a> 方法的返回值。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="cmd.Cmd.emptyline">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">emptyline</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.emptyline" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>在响应提示输入空行时调用的方法。如果此方法未被覆盖，则重复输入的最后一个非空命令。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="cmd.Cmd.default">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">default</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">line</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.default" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>当命令前缀不能被识别的时候在输入行调用的方法。如果此方法未被覆盖，它将输出一个错误信息并返回。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="cmd.Cmd.completedefault">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">completedefault</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">text</em>, <em class="sig-param">line</em>, <em class="sig-param">begidx</em>, <em class="sig-param">endidx</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.completedefault" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>当没有特定于命令的 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">complete_*()</span></code> 方法可用时，调用此方法完成输入行。默认情况下，它返回一个空列表。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="cmd.Cmd.precmd">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">precmd</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">line</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.precmd" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>钩方法在命令行 <em>line</em> 被解释之前执行，但是在输入提示被生成和发出后。这个方法是一个在 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cmd</span></code></a> 中的存根；它的存在是为了被子类覆盖。返回值被用作 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.onecmd" title="cmd.Cmd.onecmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onecmd()</span></code></a> 方法执行的命令； <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.precmd" title="cmd.Cmd.precmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">precmd()</span></code></a> 的实现或许会重写命令或者简单的返回 <em>line</em> 不变。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="cmd.Cmd.postcmd">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">postcmd</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">stop</em>, <em class="sig-param">line</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.postcmd" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>钩方法只在命令调度完成后执行。这个方法是一个在 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cmd</span></code></a> 中的存根；它的存在是为了子类被覆盖。 <em>line</em> 是被执行的命令行， <em>stop</em> 是一个表示在调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.postcmd" title="cmd.Cmd.postcmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">postcmd()</span></code></a> 之后是否终止执行的标志；这将作为 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.onecmd" title="cmd.Cmd.onecmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onecmd()</span></code></a> 方法的返回值。这个方法的返回值被用作与 <em>stop</em> 相关联的内部标志的新值；返回 false 将导致解释继续。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="cmd.Cmd.preloop">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">preloop</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.preloop" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>钩方法当 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.cmdloop" title="cmd.Cmd.cmdloop"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmdloop()</span></code></a> 被调用时执行一次。方法是一个在 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cmd</span></code></a> 中的存根；它的存在是为了被子类覆盖。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="cmd.Cmd.postloop">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">postloop</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.postloop" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>钩方法在 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.cmdloop" title="cmd.Cmd.cmdloop"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmdloop()</span></code></a> 即将返回时执行一次。这个方法是一个在 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cmd</span></code></a> 中的存根；它的存在是为了被子类覆盖。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<p>Instances of <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cmd</span></code></a> subclasses have some public instance variables:</p>
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="cmd.Cmd.prompt">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">prompt</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.prompt" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>发出提示以请求输入。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="cmd.Cmd.identchars">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">identchars</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.identchars" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>接受命令前缀的字符串。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="cmd.Cmd.lastcmd">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">lastcmd</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.lastcmd" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>看到最后一个非空命令前缀。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="cmd.Cmd.cmdqueue">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">cmdqueue</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.cmdqueue" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>排队的输入行列表。当需要新的输入时，在 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.cmdloop" title="cmd.Cmd.cmdloop"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmdloop()</span></code></a> 中检查 cmdqueue 列表；如果它不是空的，它的元素将被按顺序处理，就像在提示符处输入一样。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="cmd.Cmd.intro">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">intro</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.intro" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>要作为简介或横幅发出的字符串。 可以通过给 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.cmdloop" title="cmd.Cmd.cmdloop"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmdloop()</span></code></a> 方法一个参数来覆盖它。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="cmd.Cmd.doc_header">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">doc_header</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.doc_header" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果帮助输出具有记录命令的段落，则发出头文件。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="cmd.Cmd.misc_header">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">misc_header</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.misc_header" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果帮助输出其他帮助主题的部分（即与 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">do_*()</span></code> 方法没有关联的 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help_*()</span></code> 方法），则发出头文件。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="cmd.Cmd.undoc_header">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">undoc_header</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.undoc_header" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果帮助输出未被记录命令的部分（即与 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help_*()</span></code> 方法没有关联的 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">do_*()</span></code> 方法），则发出头文件。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="cmd.Cmd.ruler">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">ruler</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.ruler" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>用于在帮助信息标题的下方绘制分隔符的字符，如果为空，则不绘制标尺线。这个字符默认是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'='</span></code> 。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="cmd.Cmd.use_rawinput">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Cmd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">use_rawinput</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmd.Cmd.use_rawinput" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>这是一个标志，默认为 true 。如果为 true ，, <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.cmdloop" title="cmd.Cmd.cmdloop"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmdloop()</span></code></a> 使用 <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#input" title="input"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">input()</span></code></a> 先是提示并且阅读下一个命令；如果为 false ， <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout.write()</span></code> 和 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdin.readline()</span></code> 被使用。（这意味着解释器将会自动支持类似于 <strong class="program">Emacs</strong>的行编辑和命令历史记录按键操作，通过导入 <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code></a> 在支持它的系统上。）</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="cmd-example">
|
||
<span id="id2"></span><h2>Cmd 例子<a class="headerlink" href="#cmd-example" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-cmd" title="cmd: Build line-oriented command interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd</span></code></a> module is mainly useful for building custom shells that let a
|
||
user work with a program interactively.</p>
|
||
<p>这部分提供了一个简单的例子来介绍如何使用一部分在 <a class="reference internal" href="turtle.html#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code></a> 模块中的命令构建一个 shell 。</p>
|
||
<p>基础的 turtle 命令比如 <a class="reference internal" href="turtle.html#turtle.forward" title="turtle.forward"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">forward()</span></code></a> 被添加进一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cmd</span></code></a> 子类，方法名为 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">do_forward()</span></code> 。参数被转换成数字并且分发至 turtle 模块中。 docstring 是 shell 提供的帮助实用程序。</p>
|
||
<p>例子也包含使用 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmd.Cmd.precmd" title="cmd.Cmd.precmd"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">precmd()</span></code></a> 方法实现基础的记录和回放的功能，这个方法负责将输入转换为小写并且将命令写入文件。 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">do_playback()</span></code> 方法读取文件并添加记录命令至 <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmdqueue</span></code> 用于即时回放:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cmd</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
|
||
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">turtle</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">TurtleShell</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Cmd</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="n">intro</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Welcome to the turtle shell. Type help or ? to list commands.</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">'</span>
|
||
<span class="n">prompt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'(turtle) '</span>
|
||
<span class="n">file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="c1"># ----- basic turtle commands -----</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">do_forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Move the turtle forward by the specified distance: FORWARD 10'</span>
|
||
<span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">do_right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Turn turtle right by given number of degrees: RIGHT 20'</span>
|
||
<span class="n">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">do_left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Turn turtle left by given number of degrees: LEFT 90'</span>
|
||
<span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">do_goto</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Move turtle to an absolute position with changing orientation. GOTO 100 200'</span>
|
||
<span class="n">goto</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">do_home</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Return turtle to the home position: HOME'</span>
|
||
<span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">do_circle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Draw circle with given radius an options extent and steps: CIRCLE 50'</span>
|
||
<span class="n">circle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">do_position</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Print the current turtle position: POSITION'</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Current position is </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s1"> </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">position</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">do_heading</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Print the current turtle heading in degrees: HEADING'</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Current heading is </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">(),))</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">do_color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Set the color: COLOR BLUE'</span>
|
||
<span class="n">color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">do_undo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action(s): UNDO'</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">do_reset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Clear the screen and return turtle to center: RESET'</span>
|
||
<span class="n">reset</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">do_bye</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Stop recording, close the turtle window, and exit: BYE'</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Thank you for using Turtle'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="n">bye</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="c1"># ----- record and playback -----</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">do_record</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Save future commands to filename: RECORD rose.cmd'</span>
|
||
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'w'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">do_playback</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Playback commands from a file: PLAYBACK rose.cmd'</span>
|
||
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cmdqueue</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">splitlines</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">precmd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="n">line</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="s1">'playback'</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">line</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">close</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'Convert a series of zero or more numbers to an argument tuple'</span>
|
||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">()))</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="n">TurtleShell</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cmdloop</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>这是一个示例会话，其中 turtle shell 显示帮助功能，使用空行重复命令，以及简单的记录和回放功能：</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>Welcome to the turtle shell. Type help or ? to list commands.
|
||
|
||
(turtle) ?
|
||
|
||
Documented commands (type help <topic>):
|
||
========================================
|
||
bye color goto home playback record right
|
||
circle forward heading left position reset undo
|
||
|
||
(turtle) help forward
|
||
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance: FORWARD 10
|
||
(turtle) record spiral.cmd
|
||
(turtle) position
|
||
Current position is 0 0
|
||
|
||
(turtle) heading
|
||
Current heading is 0
|
||
|
||
(turtle) reset
|
||
(turtle) circle 20
|
||
(turtle) right 30
|
||
(turtle) circle 40
|
||
(turtle) right 30
|
||
(turtle) circle 60
|
||
(turtle) right 30
|
||
(turtle) circle 80
|
||
(turtle) right 30
|
||
(turtle) circle 100
|
||
(turtle) right 30
|
||
(turtle) circle 120
|
||
(turtle) right 30
|
||
(turtle) circle 120
|
||
(turtle) heading
|
||
Current heading is 180
|
||
|
||
(turtle) forward 100
|
||
(turtle)
|
||
(turtle) right 90
|
||
(turtle) forward 100
|
||
(turtle)
|
||
(turtle) right 90
|
||
(turtle) forward 400
|
||
(turtle) right 90
|
||
(turtle) forward 500
|
||
(turtle) right 90
|
||
(turtle) forward 400
|
||
(turtle) right 90
|
||
(turtle) forward 300
|
||
(turtle) playback spiral.cmd
|
||
Current position is 0 0
|
||
|
||
Current heading is 0
|
||
|
||
Current heading is 180
|
||
|
||
(turtle) bye
|
||
Thank you for using Turtle
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
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|
||
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|
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<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
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|
||
<h3><a href="../contents.html">目录</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd</span></code> --- 支持面向行的命令解释器</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cmd-objects">Cmd 对象</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cmd-example">Cmd 例子</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
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<p class="topless"><a href="turtle.html"
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|
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This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2.
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<br />
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<br />
|
||
|
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最后更新于 12月 09, 2024.
|
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<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
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<br />
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Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 2.4.4.
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