175 lines
9.1 KiB
HTML
175 lines
9.1 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="zh">
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<head><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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<title>变参数函数</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="ext.css" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="site_modules.css" />
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</head>
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<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-c_variadic skin-cppreference2 action-view cpp-navbar">
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<div id="cpp-content-base">
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<div id="content"><a id="top"></a>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">变参数函数</h1>
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<div id="bodyContent">
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<div id="contentSub"><span class="subpages">< <a href="c.html">c</a></span></div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" xml:lang="zh">
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<p>变参数函数是使用可变数量参数的函数(例如 <span class="t-lc"><a href="c-io-fprintf.html">printf</a></span> )。</p>
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<p>变参数函数使用在其最后一个参数后加省略号声明,例如 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">int</span> <a href="c-io-fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> format, ...<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> 。语法和自动参数转换的额外细节见<a href="c-language-variadic.html">可变参数</a>。</p>
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<p>从函数体内使用以下工具访问可变参数:</p>
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<table class="t-dsc-begin">
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2">
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<h5><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.AE.8F">宏</span></h5>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc-header">
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<td colspan="2">
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<div>定义于头文件 <code><stdarg.h></code></div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="c-variadic-va_start.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>va_start</span></span></a></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>令函数得以访问可变参数<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(宏函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="c-variadic-va_arg.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>va_arg</span></span></a></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>访问下一个函数可变参数<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(宏函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="c-variadic-va_copy.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>va_copy</span></span></a></div>
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<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(C99)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>创造函数可变参数的副本<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(宏函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="c-variadic-va_end.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>va_end</span></span></a></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>结束函数可变参数的行程<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(宏函数)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2">
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<h5><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B">类型</span></h5>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
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<td>
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<div class="t-dsc-member-div">
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<div><a href="c-variadic-va_list.html"><span class="t-lines"><span>va_list</span></span></a></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td>保有 va_start 、 va_arg 、 va_end 及 va_copy 所需信息<br />
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<span class="t-mark">(typedef)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.A4.BA.E4.BE.8B">示例</span></h3>
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<div class="t-example">
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<p>打印不同类型的值。</p>
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<div class="t-example-live-link"></div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="c source-c">
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<pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <stdio.h></span>
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<span class="co2">#include <stdarg.h></span>
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<span class="kw4">void</span> simple_printf<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> fmt, ...<span class="br0">)</span>
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<span class="br0">{</span>
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va_list args<span class="sy4">;</span>
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va_start<span class="br0">(</span>args, fmt<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw1">while</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>fmt <span class="sy3">!</span><span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es5">\0</span>'</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
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<span class="kw1">if</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>fmt <span class="sy1">==</span> <span class="st0">'d'</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
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<span class="kw4">int</span> i <span class="sy1">=</span> va_arg<span class="br0">(</span>args, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<a href="c-io-fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, i<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span> <span class="kw1">else</span> <span class="kw1">if</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>fmt <span class="sy1">==</span> <span class="st0">'c'</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
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<span class="co1">// 将提升 'char' 类型值为 'int'</span>
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<span class="co1">// C 中字符常量自身为 'int' 类型</span>
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<span class="kw4">int</span> c <span class="sy1">=</span> va_arg<span class="br0">(</span>args, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<a href="c-io-fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%c<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, c<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span> <span class="kw1">else</span> <span class="kw1">if</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>fmt <span class="sy1">==</span> <span class="st0">'f'</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span>
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<span class="kw4">double</span> d <span class="sy1">=</span> va_arg<span class="br0">(</span>args, <span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<a href="c-io-fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%f<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, d<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span>
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<span class="sy2">++</span>fmt<span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span>
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va_end<span class="br0">(</span>args<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span>
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<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
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<span class="br0">{</span>
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simple_printf<span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"dcff"</span>, <span class="nu0">3</span>, <span class="st0">'a'</span>, <span class="nu16">1.999</span>, <span class="nu16">42.5</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>输出:</p>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="text source-text">
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<pre class="de1">3
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a
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1.999000
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42.50000</pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8">引用</span></h3>
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<div class="t-ref-std-11">
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<ul>
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<li>C11 标准(ISO/IEC 9899:2011):</li>
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</ul>
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<dl>
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<dd>
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<ul>
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<li>7.16 Variable arguments <stdarg.h> (p: 269-272)</li>
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</ul>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
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<ul>
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<li>C99 标准(ISO/IEC 9899:1999):</li>
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</ul>
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<dl>
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<dd>
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<ul>
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<li>7.15 Variable arguments <stdarg.h> (p: 249-252)</li>
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</ul>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
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<ul>
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<li>C89/C90 标准(ISO/IEC 9899:1990):</li>
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</ul>
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<dl>
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<dd>
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<ul>
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<li>4.8 VARIABLE ARGUMENTS <stdarg.h></li>
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</ul>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8F.82.E9.98.85">参阅</span></h3>
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<table class="t-dsc-begin"></table>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="visualClear"></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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