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<section id="concurrent-execution">
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<span id="concurrency"></span><h1>并发执行<a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent-execution" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p>本章中描述的模块支持并发执行代码。 适当的工具选择取决于要执行的任务（CPU密集型或IO密集型）和偏好的开发风格（事件驱动的协作式多任务或抢占式多任务处理）。 这是一个概述：</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> --- 基于线程的并行</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#using-locks-conditions-and-semaphores-in-the-with-statement">在 <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code> 语句中使用锁、条件和信号量</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> --- 基于进程的并行</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures</span></code> --- 启动并行任务</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#threadpoolexecutor-example">ThreadPoolExecutor 例子</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#using-the-subprocess-module">使用 <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> 模块</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#windows-popen-helpers">Windows Popen 助手</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-bin-sh-shell-command-substitution">替代 <strong class="program">/bin/sh</strong> shell 命令替换</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-shell-pipeline">替代 shell 管道</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-os-system">替代 <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.system()</span></code></a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-the-os-spawn-family">替代 <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.spawn</span></code> 函数族</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-os-popen-os-popen2-os-popen3">替代 <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen2()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen3()</span></code></a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-functions-from-the-popen2-module">来自 <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">popen2</span></code> 模块的替代函数</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#legacy-shell-invocation-functions">旧式的 Shell 发起函数</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#notes">备注</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#converting-an-argument-sequence-to-a-string-on-windows">在 Windows 上将参数列表转换为一个字符串</a></li>
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<p>以下是上述某些服务的支持模块：</p>
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