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<section id="module-pwd">
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<span id="pwd-the-password-database"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-pwd" title="pwd: The password database (getpwnam() and friends). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code></a> --- 用户密码数据库<a class="headerlink" href="#module-pwd" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>此模块可以访问 Unix 用户账户名及密码数据库，在所有 Unix 版本上均可使用。</p>
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<p>密码数据库中的条目以元组对象返回，属性对应 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">passwd</span></code> 中的结构（属性如下所示，可参考 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><pwd.h></span></code>）：</p>
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<table class="docutils align-default">
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<colgroup>
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<col style="width: 14%" />
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<col style="width: 29%" />
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<col style="width: 57%" />
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</colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>索引</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>属性</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>含义</p></th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p>0</p></td>
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<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_name</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>登录名</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>1</p></td>
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<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_passwd</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>密码，可能已经加密</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p>2</p></td>
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<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_uid</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>用户 ID 数值</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>3</p></td>
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<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_gid</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>组 ID 数值</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p>4</p></td>
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<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_gecos</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>用户名或备注</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>5</p></td>
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<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_dir</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>用户主目录</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p>6</p></td>
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<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_shell</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>用户的命令解释器</p></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p>其中 uid 和 gid 是整数，其他是字符串，如果找不到对应的项目，抛出 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code></a> 异常。</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
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<p id="index-0">传统的 Unix 系统中，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pw_passwd</span></code> 的值通常使用 DES 导出的算法加密（参阅 <a class="reference internal" href="crypt.html#module-crypt" title="crypt: The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt</span></code></a> 模块）。不过现在的 unix 系统使用 <em>影子密码</em> 系统。在这些 unix 上，<em>pw_passwd</em> 只包含星号（<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'*'</span></code>）或字母（<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'x'</span></code>），而加密的密码存储在文件 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/shadow</span></code> 中，此文件不是全局可读的。在 <em>pw_passwd</em> 中是否包含有用信息是系统相关的。如果可以访问到加密的密码，就需要使用 <a class="reference internal" href="spwd.html#module-spwd" title="spwd: The shadow password database (getspnam() and friends). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spwd</span></code></a> 模块了。</p>
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</div>
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<p>本模块定义如下内容：</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="pwd.getpwuid">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">pwd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getpwuid</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">uid</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pwd.getpwuid" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>给定用户的数值 ID，返回密码数据库的对应项目。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="pwd.getpwnam">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">pwd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getpwnam</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pwd.getpwnam" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>给定用户名，返回密码数据库的对应项目。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="pwd.getpwall">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">pwd.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getpwall</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pwd.getpwall" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>返回密码数据库中所有项目的列表，顺序不是固定的。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<div class="admonition seealso">
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<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
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<dl class="simple">
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<dt>模块 <a class="reference internal" href="grp.html#module-grp" title="grp: The group database (getgrnam() and friends). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">grp</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>针对用户组数据库的接口，与本模块类似。</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>模块 <a class="reference internal" href="spwd.html#module-spwd" title="spwd: The shadow password database (getspnam() and friends). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spwd</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>针对影子密码数据库的接口，与本模块类似。</p>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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</div>
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</section>
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最后更新于 12月 09, 2024.
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