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<section id="module-tempfile">
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<span id="tempfile-generate-temporary-files-and-directories"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-tempfile" title="tempfile: Generate temporary files and directories."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempfile</span></code></a> --- 生成临时文件和目录<a class="headerlink" href="#module-tempfile" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>源代码：</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/tempfile.py">Lib/tempfile.py</a></p>
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<p>该模块用于创建临时文件和目录，它可以跨平台使用。<a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.TemporaryFile" title="tempfile.TemporaryFile"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemporaryFile</span></code></a>、<a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile" title="tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NamedTemporaryFile</span></code></a>、<a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.TemporaryDirectory" title="tempfile.TemporaryDirectory"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemporaryDirectory</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile" title="tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SpooledTemporaryFile</span></code></a> 是带有自动清理功能的高级接口，可用作上下文管理器。<a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mkstemp" title="tempfile.mkstemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkstemp()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mkdtemp" title="tempfile.mkdtemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkdtemp()</span></code></a> 是低级函数，使用完毕需手动清理。</p>
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<p>所有由用户调用的函数和构造函数都带有参数，这些参数可以设置临时文件和临时目录的路径和名称。该模块生成的文件名包括一串随机字符，在公共的临时目录中，这些字符可以让创建文件更加安全。为了保持向后兼容性，参数的顺序有些奇怪。所以为了代码清晰，建议使用关键字参数。</p>
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<p>这个模块定义了以下内容供用户调用：</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="tempfile.TemporaryFile">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tempfile.</code><code class="sig-name descname">TemporaryFile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">mode='w+b'</em>, <em class="sig-param">buffering=-1</em>, <em class="sig-param">encoding=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">newline=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">suffix=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">prefix=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">dir=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">*</em>, <em class="sig-param">errors=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tempfile.TemporaryFile" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>返回一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">file-like object</span></a> 作为临时存储区域。创建该文件使用了与 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mkstemp" title="tempfile.mkstemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkstemp()</span></code></a> 相同的安全规则。它将在关闭后立即销毁（包括垃圾回收机制关闭该对象时）。在 Unix 下，该文件在目录中的条目根本不创建，或者创建文件后立即就被删除了，其他平台不支持此功能。您的代码不应依赖使用此功能创建的临时文件名称，因为它在文件系统中的名称可能是可见的，也可能是不可见的。</p>
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<p>生成的对象可以用作上下文管理器（参见 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile-examples"><span class="std std-ref">例子</span></a>）。完成上下文或销毁临时文件对象后，临时文件将从文件系统中删除。</p>
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<p><em>mode</em> 参数默认值为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'w+b'</span></code>，所以创建的文件不用关闭，就可以读取或写入。因为用的是二进制模式，所以无论存的是什么数据，它在所有平台上都表现一致。<em>buffering</em>、<em>encoding</em>、<em>errors</em> 和 <em>newline</em> 的含义与 <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a> 中的相同。</p>
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<p>参数 <em>dir</em>、<em>prefix</em> 和 <em>suffix</em> 的含义和默认值都与它们在 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mkstemp" title="tempfile.mkstemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkstemp()</span></code></a> 中的相同。</p>
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<p>在 POSIX 平台上，它返回的对象是真实的文件对象。在其他平台上，它是一个文件型对象，它的 <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">file</span></code> 属性是底层的真实文件对象。</p>
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<p>如果可用，则使用 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_TMPFILE" title="os.O_TMPFILE"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_TMPFILE</span></code></a> 标志（仅限于 Linux，需要 3.11 及更高版本的内核）。</p>
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<p class="audit-hook">引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">审计事件</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempfile.mkstemp</span></code> 并附带参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fullpath</span></code>。</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.5 版更改: </span>如果可用，现在用的是 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_TMPFILE" title="os.O_TMPFILE"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_TMPFILE</span></code></a> 标志。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.8 版更改: </span>添加了 <em>errors</em> 参数。</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tempfile.</code><code class="sig-name descname">NamedTemporaryFile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">mode='w+b'</em>, <em class="sig-param">buffering=-1</em>, <em class="sig-param">encoding=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">newline=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">suffix=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">prefix=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">dir=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">delete=True</em>, <em class="sig-param">*</em>, <em class="sig-param">errors=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>此函数执行的操作与 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.TemporaryFile" title="tempfile.TemporaryFile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemporaryFile()</span></code></a> 完全相同，但确保了该临时文件在文件系统中具有可见的名称（在 Unix 上表现为目录条目不取消链接）。从返回的文件类对象的 <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code> 属性中可以检索到文件名。在临时文件仍打开时，是否允许用文件名第二次打开文件，在各个平台上是不同的（在 Unix 上可以，但在 Windows NT 或更高版本上不行）。如果 <em>delete</em> 为 true（默认值），则文件会在关闭后立即被删除。该函数返回的对象始终是文件类对象 (file-like object)，它的 <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">file</span></code> 属性是底层的真实文件对象。文件类对象可以像普通文件一样在 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code></a> 语句中使用。</p>
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<p class="audit-hook">引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">审计事件</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempfile.mkstemp</span></code> 并附带参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fullpath</span></code>。</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.8 版更改: </span>添加了 <em>errors</em> 参数。</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tempfile.</code><code class="sig-name descname">SpooledTemporaryFile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">max_size=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">mode='w+b'</em>, <em class="sig-param">buffering=-1</em>, <em class="sig-param">encoding=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">newline=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">suffix=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">prefix=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">dir=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">*</em>, <em class="sig-param">errors=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>此函数执行的操作与 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.TemporaryFile" title="tempfile.TemporaryFile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemporaryFile()</span></code></a> 完全相同，但会将数据缓存在内存中，直到文件大小超过 <em>max_size</em>，或调用文件的 <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fileno()</span></code> 方法为止，此时数据会被写入磁盘，并且写入操作与 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.TemporaryFile" title="tempfile.TemporaryFile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemporaryFile()</span></code></a> 相同。</p>
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<p>此函数生成的文件对象有一个额外的方法——<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rollover()</span></code>，可以忽略文件大小，让文件立即写入磁盘。</p>
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<p>返回的对象是文件类对象 (file-like object)，它的 <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_file</span></code> 属性是 <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.BytesIO" title="io.BytesIO"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io.BytesIO</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.TextIOWrapper" title="io.TextIOWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io.TextIOWrapper</span></code></a> 对象（取决于指定的是二进制模式还是文本模式）或真实的文件对象（取决于是否已调用 <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rollover()</span></code>）。文件类对象可以像普通文件一样在 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code></a> 语句中使用。</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.3 版更改: </span>现在，文件的 truncate 方法可接受一个 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">size</span></code> 参数。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.8 版更改: </span>添加了 <em>errors</em> 参数。</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="tempfile.TemporaryDirectory">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tempfile.</code><code class="sig-name descname">TemporaryDirectory</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">suffix=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">prefix=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">dir=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tempfile.TemporaryDirectory" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>此函数会安全地创建一个临时目录，且使用与 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mkdtemp" title="tempfile.mkdtemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkdtemp()</span></code></a> 相同的规则。此函数返回的对象可用作上下文管理器（参见 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile-examples"><span class="std std-ref">例子</span></a>）。完成上下文或销毁临时目录对象后，新创建的临时目录及其所有内容将从文件系统中删除。</p>
|
||
<p>可以从返回对象的 <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code> 属性中找到临时目录的名称。当返回的对象用作上下文管理器时，这个 <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code> 会作为 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code></a> 语句中 <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">as</span></code> 子句的目标（如果有 as 的话）。</p>
|
||
<p>可以调用 <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cleanup()</span></code> 方法来手动清理目录。</p>
|
||
<p class="audit-hook">引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">审计事件</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempfile.mkdtemp</span></code> 并附带参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fullpath</span></code>。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.2 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="tempfile.mkstemp">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tempfile.</code><code class="sig-name descname">mkstemp</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">suffix=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">prefix=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">dir=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">text=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tempfile.mkstemp" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>以最安全的方式创建一个临时文件。假设所在平台正确实现了 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.open" title="os.open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.open()</span></code></a> 的 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_EXCL" title="os.O_EXCL"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_EXCL</span></code></a> 标志，则创建文件时不会有竞争的情况。该文件只能由创建者读写，如果所在平台用权限位来标记文件是否可执行，那么没有人有执行权。文件描述符不会过继给子进程。</p>
|
||
<p>与 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.TemporaryFile" title="tempfile.TemporaryFile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemporaryFile()</span></code></a> 不同，<a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mkstemp" title="tempfile.mkstemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkstemp()</span></code></a> 用户用完临时文件后需要自行将其删除。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <em>suffix</em> 不是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> 则文件名将以该后缀结尾，是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> 则没有后缀。<a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mkstemp" title="tempfile.mkstemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkstemp()</span></code></a> 不会在文件名和后缀之间加点，如果需要加一个点号，请将其放在 <em>suffix</em> 的开头。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <em>prefix</em> 不是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>，则文件名将以该前缀开头，是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> 则使用默认前缀。默认前缀是 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.gettempprefix" title="tempfile.gettempprefix"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettempprefix()</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.gettempprefixb" title="tempfile.gettempprefixb"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettempprefixb()</span></code></a> 函数的返回值（自动调用合适的函数）。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <em>dir</em> 不为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>，则在指定的目录创建文件，是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> 则使用默认目录。默认目录是从一个列表中选择出来的，这个列表不同平台不一样，但是用户可以设置 <em>TMPDIR</em>、<em>TEMP</em> 或 <em>TMP</em> 环境变量来设置目录的位置。因此，不能保证生成的临时文件路径很规范，比如，通过 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen()</span></code> 将路径传递给外部命令时仍需要加引号。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <em>suffix</em>、<em>prefix</em> 和 <em>dir</em> 中的任何一个不是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>，就要保证它们是同一数据类型。如果它们是 bytes，则返回的名称的类型就是 bytes 而不是 str。如果确实要用默认参数，但又想要返回值是 bytes 类型，请传入 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">suffix=b''</span></code>。</p>
|
||
<p>如果指定了 <em>text</em> 且为真值，文件会以文本模式打开。 否则，文件（默认）会以二进制模式打开。</p>
|
||
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mkstemp" title="tempfile.mkstemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkstemp()</span></code></a> 返回一个元组，元组中第一个元素是句柄，它是一个系统级句柄，指向一个打开的文件（等同于 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.open" title="os.open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.open()</span></code></a> 的返回值），第二元素是该文件的绝对路径。</p>
|
||
<p class="audit-hook">引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">审计事件</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempfile.mkstemp</span></code> 并附带参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fullpath</span></code>。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.5 版更改: </span>现在，<em>suffix</em>、<em>prefix</em> 和 <em>dir</em> 可以以 bytes 类型按顺序提供，以获得 bytes 类型的返回值。之前只允许使用 str。<em>suffix</em> 和 <em>prefix</em> 现在可以接受 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>，并且默认为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> 以使用合适的默认值。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span><em>dir</em> 参数现在可接受一个路径类对象 (<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>)。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="tempfile.mkdtemp">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tempfile.</code><code class="sig-name descname">mkdtemp</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">suffix=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">prefix=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">dir=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tempfile.mkdtemp" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>以最安全的方式创建一个临时目录，创建该目录时不会有竞争的情况。该目录只能由创建者读取、写入和搜索。</p>
|
||
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mkdtemp" title="tempfile.mkdtemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkdtemp()</span></code></a> 用户用完临时目录后需要自行将其删除。</p>
|
||
<p><em>prefix</em>、<em>suffix</em> 和 <em>dir</em> 的含义与它们在 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mkstemp" title="tempfile.mkstemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkstemp()</span></code></a> 中的相同。</p>
|
||
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mkdtemp" title="tempfile.mkdtemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkdtemp()</span></code></a> 返回新目录的绝对路径。</p>
|
||
<p class="audit-hook">引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">审计事件</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempfile.mkdtemp</span></code> 并附带参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fullpath</span></code>。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.5 版更改: </span>现在，<em>suffix</em>、<em>prefix</em> 和 <em>dir</em> 可以以 bytes 类型按顺序提供，以获得 bytes 类型的返回值。之前只允许使用 str。<em>suffix</em> 和 <em>prefix</em> 现在可以接受 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>，并且默认为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> 以使用合适的默认值。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span><em>dir</em> 参数现在可接受一个路径类对象 (<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>)。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="tempfile.gettempdir">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tempfile.</code><code class="sig-name descname">gettempdir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tempfile.gettempdir" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>返回放置临时文件的目录的名称。这个方法的返回值就是本模块所有函数的 <em>dir</em> 参数的默认值。</p>
|
||
<p>Python 搜索标准目录列表，以找到调用者可以在其中创建文件的目录。这个列表是：</p>
|
||
<ol class="arabic simple">
|
||
<li><p><span class="target" id="index-7"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TMPDIR</span></code> 环境变量指向的目录。</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><span class="target" id="index-8"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TEMP</span></code> 环境变量指向的目录。</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><span class="target" id="index-9"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TMP</span></code> 环境变量指向的目录。</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>与平台相关的位置：</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>在 Windows 上，依次为 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C:\TEMP</span></code>、<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C:\TMP</span></code>、<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\TEMP</span></code> 和 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\TMP</span></code>。</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>在所有其他平台上，依次为 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/tmp</span></code>、<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/var/tmp</span></code> 和 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/tmp</span></code>。</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>不得已时，使用当前工作目录。</p></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>搜索的结果会缓存起来，参见下面 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.tempdir" title="tempfile.tempdir"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempdir</span></code></a> 的描述。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="tempfile.gettempdirb">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tempfile.</code><code class="sig-name descname">gettempdirb</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tempfile.gettempdirb" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>与 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.gettempdir" title="tempfile.gettempdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettempdir()</span></code></a> 相同，但返回值为字节类型。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.5 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="tempfile.gettempprefix">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tempfile.</code><code class="sig-name descname">gettempprefix</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tempfile.gettempprefix" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>返回用于创建临时文件的文件名前缀，它不包含目录部分。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="tempfile.gettempprefixb">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tempfile.</code><code class="sig-name descname">gettempprefixb</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tempfile.gettempprefixb" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>与 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.gettempprefix" title="tempfile.gettempprefix"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettempprefix()</span></code></a> 相同，但返回值为字节类型。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.5 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<p>本模块使用一个全局变量来存储由 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.gettempdir" title="tempfile.gettempdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettempdir()</span></code></a> 返回的临时文件目录路径。可以直接给它赋值，这样可以覆盖自动选择的路径，但是不建议这样做。本模块中的所有函数都带有一个 <em>dir</em> 参数，该参数可用于指定目录，这是推荐的方法。</p>
|
||
<dl class="data">
|
||
<dt id="tempfile.tempdir">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tempfile.</code><code class="sig-name descname">tempdir</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tempfile.tempdir" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>当设置为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> 以外的其他值时，此变量将决定本模块所有函数的 <em>dir</em> 参数的默认值。</p>
|
||
<p>如果在调用除 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.gettempprefix" title="tempfile.gettempprefix"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettempprefix()</span></code></a> 外的上述任何函数时 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempdir</span></code> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> (默认值) 则它会按照 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.gettempdir" title="tempfile.gettempdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettempdir()</span></code></a> 中所描述的算法来初始化。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<section id="examples">
|
||
<span id="tempfile-examples"></span><h2>例子<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>以下是 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tempfile" title="tempfile: Generate temporary files and directories."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempfile</span></code></a> 模块典型用法的一些示例:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tempfile</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go"># create a temporary file and write some data to it</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tempfile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TemporaryFile</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'Hello world!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go"># read data from file</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seek</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">b'Hello world!'</span>
|
||
<span class="go"># close the file, it will be removed</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go"># create a temporary file using a context manager</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">tempfile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TemporaryFile</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'Hello world!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seek</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">b'Hello world!'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>></span>
|
||
<span class="go"># file is now closed and removed</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go"># create a temporary directory using the context manager</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">tempfile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TemporaryDirectory</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">tmpdirname</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'created temporary directory'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tmpdirname</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>></span>
|
||
<span class="go"># directory and contents have been removed</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="deprecated-functions-and-variables">
|
||
<h2>已弃用的函数和变量<a class="headerlink" href="#deprecated-functions-and-variables" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>创建临时文件有一种历史方法，首先使用 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mktemp" title="tempfile.mktemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mktemp()</span></code></a> 函数生成一个文件名，然后使用该文件名创建文件。不幸的是，这是不安全的，因为在调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mktemp" title="tempfile.mktemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mktemp()</span></code></a> 与随后尝试创建文件的进程之间的时间里，其他进程可能会使用该名称创建文件。解决方案是将两个步骤结合起来，立即创建文件。这个方案目前被 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mkstemp" title="tempfile.mkstemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkstemp()</span></code></a> 和上述其他函数所采用。</p>
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="tempfile.mktemp">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tempfile.</code><code class="sig-name descname">mktemp</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">suffix=''</em>, <em class="sig-param">prefix='tmp'</em>, <em class="sig-param">dir=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tempfile.mktemp" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><div class="deprecated">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">2.3 版后已移除: </span>使用 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mkstemp" title="tempfile.mkstemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkstemp()</span></code></a> 来代替。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>返回一个绝对路径，这个路径指向的文件在调用本方法时不存在。<em>prefix</em>、<em>suffix</em> 和 <em>dir</em> 参数与 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mkstemp" title="tempfile.mkstemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkstemp()</span></code></a> 中的同名参数类似，不同之处在于不支持字节类型的文件名，不支持 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">suffix=None</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix=None</span></code>。</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition warning">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">警告</p>
|
||
<p>使用此功能可能会在程序中引入安全漏洞。当你开始使用本方法返回的文件执行任何操作时，可能有人已经捷足先登了。<a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.mktemp" title="tempfile.mktemp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mktemp()</span></code></a> 的功能可以很轻松地用 <a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile" title="tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NamedTemporaryFile()</span></code></a> 代替，当然需要传递 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delete=False</span></code> 参数:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NamedTemporaryFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'/tmp/tmptjujjt'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">"Hello World!</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">13</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">unlink</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">False</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
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|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempfile</span></code> --- 生成临时文件和目录</a><ul>
|
||
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