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<section id="module-trace">
<span id="trace-trace-or-track-python-statement-execution"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-trace" title="trace: Trace or track Python statement execution."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code></a> --- 跟踪Python语句的执行<a class="headerlink" href="#module-trace" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h1>
<p><strong>源代码:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/trace.py">Lib/trace.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>模块 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-trace" title="trace: Trace or track Python statement execution."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code></a> module 允许你跟踪程序的执行过程，生成带注释的语句覆盖率列表，打印调用/被调用关系以及列出在程序运行期间执行过的函数。可以在其他程序或者命令行中使用它</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://coverage.readthedocs.io/">Coverage.py</a></dt><dd><p>流行的第三方代码覆盖工具，可输出 HTML ，并提供分支覆盖等高级功能。</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<section id="command-line-usage">
<span id="trace-cli"></span><h2>命令行用法<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-usage" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-trace" title="trace: Trace or track Python statement execution."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code></a> 模块可由命令行调用。用法如此简单：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">trace</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">C</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">somefile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="o">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>上述命令将执行 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">somefile.py</span></code> ，并在当前目录生成执行期间所有已导入 Python 模块的带注释列表。</p>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-help">
<code class="sig-name descname">--help</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-help" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>显示用法并退出。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-version">
<code class="sig-name descname">--version</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-version" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>显示模块版本并退出。</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.8 新版功能: </span>加入了 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--module</span></code> 选项，允许运行可执行模块。</p>
</div>
<section id="main-options">
<h3>主要的可选参数<a class="headerlink" href="#main-options" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>在调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-trace" title="trace: Trace or track Python statement execution."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code></a> 时，至少须指定以下可选参数之一。 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-l"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-listfuncs</span></code></a> 与 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-t"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-trace</span></code></a> 、 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-count</span></code></a> 相互排斥。如果给出 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-l"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--listfuncs</span></code></a>，就再不会接受 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-t"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--trace</span></code></a> ，反之亦然。</p>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-c">
<code class="sig-name descname">-c</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">, </code><code class="sig-name descname">--count</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-c" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>在程序完成时生成一组带有注解的列表文件，显示每个语句被执行的次数。 参见下面的 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-coverdir"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-coverdir</span></code></a> 、<a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-f"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-file</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-no-report"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-no-report</span></code></a>。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-t">
<code class="sig-name descname">-t</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">, </code><code class="sig-name descname">--trace</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-t" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>执行时显示行。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-l">
<code class="sig-name descname">-l</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">, </code><code class="sig-name descname">--listfuncs</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-l" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>显示程序运行时执行到的函数。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-r">
<code class="sig-name descname">-r</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">, </code><code class="sig-name descname">--report</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-r" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>由之前用了 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-f"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--file</span></code></a> 运行的程序产生一个带有注解的报表。 不会执行代码。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-trackcalls">
<code class="sig-name descname">-T</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">, </code><code class="sig-name descname">--trackcalls</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-trackcalls" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>显示程序运行时暴露出来的调用关系。</p>
</dd></dl>
</section>
<section id="modifiers">
<h3>修饰器<a class="headerlink" href="#modifiers" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-f">
<code class="sig-name descname">-f</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">, </code><code class="sig-name descname">--file</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">=&lt;file&gt;</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-f" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>用于累计多次跟踪运行计数的文件名。应与 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> 一起使用。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-coverdir">
<code class="sig-name descname">-C</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">, </code><code class="sig-name descname">--coverdir</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">=&lt;dir&gt;</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-coverdir" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>报表文件的所在目录。<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">package.module</span></code> 的覆盖率报表将被写入文件 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">dir</span></em><span class="pre">/</span><em><span class="pre">package</span></em><span class="pre">/</span><em><span class="pre">module</span></em><span class="pre">.cover</span></code>。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-m">
<code class="sig-name descname">-m</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">, </code><code class="sig-name descname">--missing</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-m" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>生成带注解的报表时，用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></code> 标记未执行的行。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-s">
<code class="sig-name descname">-s</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">, </code><code class="sig-name descname">--summary</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-s" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>在用到 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-r"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--report</span></code></a> 时，将每个文件的简短摘要写到 stdout。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-no-report">
<code class="sig-name descname">-R</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">, </code><code class="sig-name descname">--no-report</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-no-report" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>不生成带注解的报表。如果打算用 <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-trace-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--count</span></code></a> 执行多次运行，然后在最后产生一组带注解的报表，该选项就很有用。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-g">
<code class="sig-name descname">-g</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">, </code><code class="sig-name descname">--timing</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-g" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>在每一行前面加上时间，自程序运行算起。只在跟踪时有用。</p>
</dd></dl>
</section>
<section id="filters">
<h3>过滤器<a class="headerlink" href="#filters" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>以下参数可重复多次。</p>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-ignore-module">
<code class="sig-name descname">--ignore-module</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">=&lt;mod&gt;</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-ignore-module" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>忽略给出的模块名及其子模块（若为包）。参数可为逗号分隔的名称列表。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-trace-ignore-dir">
<code class="sig-name descname">--ignore-dir</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname">=&lt;dir&gt;</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-trace-ignore-dir" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>忽略指定目录及其子目录下的所有模块和包。参数可为 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.pathsep" title="os.pathsep"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.pathsep</span></code></a> 分隔的目录列表。</p>
</dd></dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="programmatic-interface">
<span id="trace-api"></span><h2>编程接口<a class="headerlink" href="#programmatic-interface" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="trace.Trace">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">trace.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Trace</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">count=1</em>, <em class="sig-param">trace=1</em>, <em class="sig-param">countfuncs=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">countcallers=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">ignoremods=()</em>, <em class="sig-param">ignoredirs=()</em>, <em class="sig-param">infile=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">outfile=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">timing=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>创建一个对象来跟踪单个语句或表达式的执行。所有参数均为选填。 <em>count</em> 可对行号计数。 <em>trace</em> 启用单行执行跟踪。 <em>countfuncs</em> 可列出运行过程中调用的函数。 <em>countcallers</em> 可跟踪调用关系。 <em>ignoremods</em> 是要忽略的模块或包的列表。<em>ignoredirs</em> 是要忽略的模块或包的目录列表。 <em>infile</em> 是个文件名，从该文件中读取存储的计数信息。 <em>outfile</em> 是用来写入最新计数信息的文件名。 <em>timing</em> 可以显示相对于跟踪开始时间的时间戳。</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="trace.Trace.run">
<code class="sig-name descname">run</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">cmd</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace.run" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>执行命令，并根据当前跟踪参数从执行过程中收集统计数据。 <em>cmd</em> 必须为字符串或 code 对象，可供传入 <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#exec" title="exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code></a>。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="trace.Trace.runctx">
<code class="sig-name descname">runctx</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">cmd</em>, <em class="sig-param">globals=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">locals=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace.runctx" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>在定义的全局和局部环境中，执行命令并收集当前跟踪参数下的执行统计数据。若没有定义 <em>globals</em> 和 <em>locals</em> ，则默认为空字典。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="trace.Trace.runfunc">
<code class="sig-name descname">runfunc</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">func</em>, <em class="sig-param">*args</em>, <em class="sig-param">**kwds</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace.runfunc" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>在 <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.Trace" title="trace.Trace"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Trace</span></code></a> 对象的控制下，用给定的参数调用 <em>func</em>，并采用当前的跟踪参数。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="trace.Trace.results">
<code class="sig-name descname">results</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.Trace.results" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>返回一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.CoverageResults" title="trace.CoverageResults"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CoverageResults</span></code></a> 对象，包含之前对指定 <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.Trace" title="trace.Trace"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Trace</span></code></a> 实例调用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run</span></code>、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runctx</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runfunc</span></code> 的累积结果。 累积的跟踪结果不会重置。</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="trace.CoverageResults">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">trace.</code><code class="sig-name descname">CoverageResults</code><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.CoverageResults" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>用于覆盖跟踪结果的容器，由 <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.Trace.results" title="trace.Trace.results"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Trace.results()</span></code></a> 创建。用户不应直接去创建。</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="trace.CoverageResults.update">
<code class="sig-name descname">update</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">other</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.CoverageResults.update" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>从另一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#trace.CoverageResults" title="trace.CoverageResults"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CoverageResults</span></code></a> 对象中合并跟踪数据。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="trace.CoverageResults.write_results">
<code class="sig-name descname">write_results</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">show_missing=True</em>, <em class="sig-param">summary=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">coverdir=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#trace.CoverageResults.write_results" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>写入代码覆盖结果。设置 <em>show_missing</em> 可显示未命中的行。设置*summary* 可在输出中包含每个模块的覆盖率摘要信息。 <em>coverdir</em> 可指定覆盖率结果文件的输出目录，为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> 则结果将置于源文件所在目录中。</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<p>以下例子简单演示了编程接口的用法：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">trace</span>
<span class="c1"># create a Trace object, telling it what to ignore, and whether to</span>
<span class="c1"># do tracing or line-counting or both.</span>
<span class="n">tracer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">trace</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Trace</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">ignoredirs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prefix</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exec_prefix</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="n">trace</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># run the new command using the given tracer</span>
<span class="n">tracer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;main()&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># make a report, placing output in the current directory</span>
<span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tracer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">results</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">r</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_results</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">show_missing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coverdir</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;.&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code> --- 跟踪Python语句的执行</a><ul>
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