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<section id="module-webbrowser">
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<span id="webbrowser-convenient-web-browser-controller"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-webbrowser" title="webbrowser: Easy-to-use controller for Web browsers."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code></a> --- 方便的Web浏览器控制器<a class="headerlink" href="#module-webbrowser" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>源码：</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/webbrowser.py">Lib/webbrowser.py</a></p>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-webbrowser" title="webbrowser: Easy-to-use controller for Web browsers."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code></a> 模块提供了一个高级接口，允许向用户显示基于Web的文档。 在大多数情况下，只需从该模块调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.open" title="webbrowser.open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a> 函数就可以了。</p>
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<p>在 Unix 下，图形浏览器在 X11 下是首选，但如果图形浏览器不可用或 X11 显示不可用，则将使用文本模式浏览器。 如果使用文本模式浏览器，则调用进程将阻塞，直到用户退出浏览器。</p>
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<p>如果存在环境变量 <span class="target" id="index-8"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BROWSER</span></code> ，则将其解释为 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.pathsep" title="os.pathsep"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.pathsep</span></code></a> 分隔的浏览器列表，以便在平台默认值之前尝试。 当列表部分的值包含字符串 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">％s</span></code> 时，它被解释为一个文字浏览器命令行，用于替换 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">％s</span></code> 的参数 URL ；如果该部分不包含 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">％s</span></code>，则它只被解释为要启动的浏览器的名称。 <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id2" id="id1">1</a></p>
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<p>对于非 Unix 平台，或者当 Unix 上有远程浏览器时，控制过程不会等待用户完成浏览器，而是允许远程浏览器在显示界面上维护自己的窗口。 如果 Unix 上没有远程浏览器，控制进程将启动一个新的浏览器并等待。</p>
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<p>脚本 <strong class="program">webbrowser</strong> 可用作模块的命令行界面。它接受一个 URL 作为参数，并接受以下可选参数：<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code> 在可能的情况下在新的浏览器窗口中打开 URL；<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-t</span></code> 在新的浏览器页面（"tab"）中打开 URL。这些选项自然是相互排斥的。使用示例：</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">webbrowser</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="s2">"http://www.python.org"</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>定义了以下异常：</p>
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<dl class="exception">
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<dt id="webbrowser.Error">
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<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">webbrowser.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Error</code><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.Error" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>发生浏览器控件错误时引发异常。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<p>定义了以下函数：</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="webbrowser.open">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">webbrowser.</code><code class="sig-name descname">open</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">url</em>, <em class="sig-param">new=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">autoraise=True</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.open" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>使用默认浏览器显示 <em>url</em>。 如果 <em>new</em> 为 0，则尽可能在同一浏览器窗口中打开 <em>url</em>。 如果 <em>new</em> 为 1，则尽可能打开新的浏览器窗口。 如果 <em>new</em> 为 2，则尽可能打开新的浏览器页面（“标签”）。 如果 <em>autoraise</em> 为 “True”，则会尽可能置前窗口（请注意，在许多窗口管理器下，无论此变量的设置如何，都会置前窗口）。</p>
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<p>请注意，在某些平台上，尝试使用此函数打开文件名，可能会起作用并启动操作系统的关联程序。 但是，这种方式不被支持也不可移植。</p>
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<p class="audit-hook">引发一个 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">审计事件</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser.open</span></code> 并附带参数 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">url</span></code>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="webbrowser.open_new">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">webbrowser.</code><code class="sig-name descname">open_new</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">url</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.open_new" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>如果可能，在默认浏览器的新窗口中打开 <em>url</em>，否则，在唯一的浏览器窗口中打开 <em>url</em>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="webbrowser.open_new_tab">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">webbrowser.</code><code class="sig-name descname">open_new_tab</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">url</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.open_new_tab" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>如果可能，在默认浏览器的新页面（“标签”）中打开 <em>url</em>，否则等效于 <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.open_new" title="webbrowser.open_new"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open_new()</span></code></a>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="webbrowser.get">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">webbrowser.</code><code class="sig-name descname">get</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">using=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.get" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>返回浏览器类型为 <em>using</em> 指定的控制器对象。 如果 <em>using</em> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>，则返回适用于调用者环境的默认浏览器的控制器。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="webbrowser.register">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">webbrowser.</code><code class="sig-name descname">register</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">name</em>, <em class="sig-param">constructor</em>, <em class="sig-param">instance=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">*</em>, <em class="sig-param">preferred=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.register" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>注册 <em>name</em> 浏览器类型。 注册浏览器类型后， <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.get" title="webbrowser.get"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get()</span></code></a> 函数可以返回该浏览器类型的控制器。 如果没有提供 <em>instance</em>，或者为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>，<em>constructor</em> 将在没有参数的情况下被调用，以在需要时创建实例。 如果提供了 <em>instance</em>，则永远不会调用 <em>constructor</em>，并且可能是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>。</p>
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<p>将 <em>preferred</em> 设置为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> 使得这个浏览器成为 <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.get" title="webbrowser.get"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get()</span></code></a> 不带参数调用的首选结果。 否则，只有在您计划设置 <span class="target" id="index-9"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BROWSER</span></code> 变量，或使用与您声明的处理程序的名称相匹配的非空参数调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.get" title="webbrowser.get"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get()</span></code></a> 时，此入口点才有用。</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.7 版更改: </span>添加了仅关键字参数 <em>preferred</em>。</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<p>预定义了许多浏览器类型。 此表给出了可以传递给 <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.get" title="webbrowser.get"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get()</span></code></a> 函数的类型名称以及控制器类的相应实例化，这些都在此模块中定义。</p>
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<table class="docutils align-default">
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<colgroup>
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<col style="width: 33%" />
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<col style="width: 57%" />
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<col style="width: 10%" />
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</colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>类型名</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>类名</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>备注</p></th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'mozilla'</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Mozilla('mozilla')</span></code></p></td>
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<td></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'firefox'</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Mozilla('mozilla')</span></code></p></td>
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<td></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'netscape'</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Mozilla('netscape')</span></code></p></td>
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<td></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'galeon'</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Galeon('galeon')</span></code></p></td>
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<td></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'epiphany'</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Galeon('epiphany')</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'skipstone'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BackgroundBrowser('skipstone')</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'kfmclient'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Konqueror()</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p>(1)</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'konqueror'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Konqueror()</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p>(1)</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'kfm'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Konqueror()</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p>(1)</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'mosaic'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BackgroundBrowser('mosaic')</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'opera'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Opera()</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'grail'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Grail()</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'links'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GenericBrowser('links')</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'elinks'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Elinks('elinks')</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'lynx'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GenericBrowser('lynx')</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'w3m'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GenericBrowser('w3m')</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'windows-default'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WindowsDefault</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p>(2)</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'macosx'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MacOSX('default')</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p>(3)</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'safari'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MacOSX('safari')</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p>(3)</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'google-chrome'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Chrome('google-chrome')</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'chrome'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Chrome('chrome')</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'chromium'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Chromium('chromium')</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'chromium-browser'</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Chromium('chromium-browser')</span></code></p></td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<p>注释：</p>
|
||
<ol class="arabic simple">
|
||
<li><p>"Konqueror" 是用于 Unix 的 KDE 桌面环境的文件管理器，只有在运行 KDE 时使用才有意义。最好能有某种方法可靠地检测 KDE；仅有 <span class="target" id="index-10"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KDEDIR</span></code> 变量还不够。还要注意的是，即使在 KDE 2 中使用命令:program:<cite>konqueror</cite>，"kfm" 这个名字也会被使用 —— 实现会选择运行 Konqueror 的最佳策略。</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>仅限 Windows 平台。</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>仅限 Mac OS X 平台。</p></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.3 新版功能: </span>添加了对 Chrome/Chromium 的支持。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>以下是一些简单的例子:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'http://docs.python.org/'</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="c1"># Open URL in a new tab, if a browser window is already open.</span>
|
||
<span class="n">webbrowser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open_new_tab</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="c1"># Open URL in new window, raising the window if possible.</span>
|
||
<span class="n">webbrowser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open_new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<section id="browser-controller-objects">
|
||
<span id="browser-controllers"></span><h2>浏览器控制器对象<a class="headerlink" href="#browser-controller-objects" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>浏览器控制器提供三个与模块级便捷函数相同的方法：</p>
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="webbrowser.controller.open">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">controller.</code><code class="sig-name descname">open</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">url</em>, <em class="sig-param">new=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">autoraise=True</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.controller.open" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>使用此控制器处理的浏览器显示 <em>url</em>。 如果 <em>new</em> 为 1，则尽可能打开新的浏览器窗口。 如果 <em>new</em> 为 2，则尽可能打开新的浏览器页面（“标签”）。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="webbrowser.controller.open_new">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">controller.</code><code class="sig-name descname">open_new</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">url</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.controller.open_new" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果可能，在此控制器处理的浏览器的新窗口中打开 <em>url</em> ，否则，在唯一的浏览器窗口中打开 <em>url</em> 。 别名 <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.open_new" title="webbrowser.open_new"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open_new()</span></code></a>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="webbrowser.controller.open_new_tab">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">controller.</code><code class="sig-name descname">open_new_tab</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">url</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.controller.open_new_tab" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果可能，在此控制器处理的浏览器的新页面（“标签”）中打开 <em>url</em>，否则等效于 <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.open_new" title="webbrowser.open_new"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open_new()</span></code></a>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<p class="rubric">备注</p>
|
||
<dl class="footnote brackets">
|
||
<dt class="label" id="id2"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">1</a></span></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>这里命名的不带完整路径的可执行文件将在 <span class="target" id="index-11"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PATH</span></code> 环境变量给出的目录中搜索。</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
|
||
<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
|
||
<h3><a href="../contents.html">目录</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code> --- 方便的Web浏览器控制器</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#browser-controller-objects">浏览器控制器对象</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h4>上一个主题</h4>
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<p class="topless"><a href="internet.html"
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||
title="上一章">互联网协议和支持</a></p>
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<h4>下一个主题</h4>
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<p class="topless"><a href="cgi.html"
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<div role="note" aria-label="source link">
|
||
<h3>本页</h3>
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<ul class="this-page-menu">
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<a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.8/Doc/library/webbrowser.rst"
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Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License.
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最后更新于 12月 09, 2024.
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Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 2.4.4.
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