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<section id="module-posix">
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<span id="posix-the-most-common-posix-system-calls"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-posix" title="posix: The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix</span></code></a> --- 最常见的 POSIX 系统调用<a class="headerlink" href="#module-posix" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p>此模块提供了对基于 C 标准和 POSIX 标准（一种稍加修改的 Unix 接口）进行标准化的系统功能的访问。</p>
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<p id="index-0"><strong>请勿直接导入此模块。</strong> 而应导入 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a> 模块，它提供了此接口的 <em>可移植</em> 版本。 在 Unix 上，<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a> 模块提供了 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-posix" title="posix: The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix</span></code></a> 接口的一个超集。 在非 Unix 操作系统上 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-posix" title="posix: The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix</span></code></a> 模块将不可用，但会通过 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a> 接口提供它的一个可用子集。 一旦导入了 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a>，用它替代 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-posix" title="posix: The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix</span></code></a> 时就 <em>没有</em> 性能惩罚。 此外，<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a> 还提供了一些附加功能，例如在 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></code> 中的某个条目被修改时会自动调用 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.putenv" title="os.putenv"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">putenv()</span></code></a>。</p>
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<p>错误将作为异常被报告；对于类型错误会给出普通异常，而系统调用所报告的异常则会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a>。</p>
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<section id="large-file-support">
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<span id="posix-large-files"></span><h2>大文件支持<a class="headerlink" href="#large-file-support" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p id="index-1">某些操作系统（包括 AIX, HP-UX, Irix 和 Solaris）可对 <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code> 和 <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long</span></code> 为 32 位值的 C 编程模型提供大于 2 GiB 的文件的支持。 这在通常情况下是以将相关数据长度和偏移类型定义为 64 位值的方式来实现的。 这样的文件有时被称为 <em class="dfn">大文件</em>。</p>
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<p>Python 中的大文件支持会在 <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off_t</span></code> 的大小超过 <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long</span></code> 且 <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long</span> <span class="pre">long</span></code> 至少与 <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off_t</span></code> 一样大时被启用。 要启用此模式可能必须在启用特定编译旗标的情况下执行 Python 配置和编译。 例如，在最近几个版本的 Irix 中默认启用了大文件支持，但在 Solaris 2.6 和 2.7 中你还需要执行这样的操作:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">CFLAGS</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"`getconf LFS_CFLAGS`"</span> <span class="n">OPT</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"-g -O2 $CFLAGS"</span> \
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<span class="o">./</span><span class="n">configure</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>在支持大文件的 Linux 系统中，可以这样做:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">CFLAGS</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'-D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64'</span> <span class="n">OPT</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"-g -O2 $CFLAGS"</span> \
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<span class="o">./</span><span class="n">configure</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section id="notable-module-contents">
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<span id="posix-contents"></span><h2>重要的模块内容<a class="headerlink" href="#notable-module-contents" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>除了 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a> 模块文档已说明的许多函数，<a class="reference internal" href="#module-posix" title="posix: The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix</span></code></a> 还定义了下列数据项:</p>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="posix.environ">
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<code class="sig-prename descclassname">posix.</code><code class="sig-name descname">environ</code><a class="headerlink" href="#posix.environ" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>一个表示解释器启动时间点的字符串环境的字典。 键和值的类型在Unix 上为 bytes 而在 Windows 上为 str。 例如，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">environ[b'HOME']</span></code> (Windows 上的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">environ['HOME']</span></code>) 是你的家目录的路径名，等价于 C 中的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getenv("HOME")</span></code>。</p>
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<p>修改此字典不会影响由 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.execv" title="os.execv"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execv()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.popen" title="os.popen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">popen()</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.system" title="os.system"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">system()</span></code></a> 所传入的字符串环境；如果你需要修改环境，请将 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">environ</span></code> 传给 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.execve" title="os.execve"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execve()</span></code></a> 或者为 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.system" title="os.system"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">system()</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.popen" title="os.popen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">popen()</span></code></a> 的命令字符串添加变量赋值和 export 语句。</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.2 版更改: </span>在 Unix 上，键和值为 bytes 类型。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a> 模块提供了对 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">environ</span></code> 的替代实现，它会在被修改时更新环境。 还要注意更新 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.environ" title="os.environ"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></code></a> 将导致此字典失效。 推荐使用这个 <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a> 模块版本而不是直接访问 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-posix" title="posix: The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix</span></code></a> 模块。</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix</span></code> --- 最常见的 POSIX 系统调用</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#large-file-support">大文件支持</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#notable-module-contents">重要的模块内容</a></li>
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