672 lines
79 KiB
HTML
672 lines
79 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="zh">
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<head><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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<title>函数声明</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="ext.css" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="site_modules.css" />
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</head>
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<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-cpp_language_function skin-cppreference2 action-view cpp-navbar">
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<div id="cpp-content-base">
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<div id="content"><a id="top"></a>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">函数声明</h1>
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<div id="bodyContent">
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<div id="contentSub"><span class="subpages">< <a href="cpp.html">cpp</a>‎ | <a href="cpp-language.html">language</a></span></div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" xml:lang="zh">
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<p>函数声明引入函数名及其类型。函数定义将函数名/类型与函数体关联。</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0.E5.A3.B0.E6.98.8E">函数声明</span></h3>
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<p>函数声明可出现于任何作用域。在类作用域中的函数声明引入成员函数（除非使用 <code>friend</code> 说明符），细节见<a href="cpp-language-member_functions.html">成员函数</a>和<a href="cpp-language-friend.html">友元函数</a>。</p>
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<p>被声明的函数类型由<i>返回类型（return type）</i>（由<a href="cpp-language-declarations.html">声明语法</a>的 <span class="t-spar">声明说明符序列</span> 提供）和函数声明符（<span class="t-spar">声明符</span>）组成。</p>
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<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
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<tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-sdsc">
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<td><span class="t-spar">非指针声明符</span> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-spar">形参列表</span> <code><b>)</b></code> <span class="t-spar">cv限定符</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">引用限定符</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">异常说明</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">属性</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span></td>
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<td>(1)</td>
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<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-sdsc">
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<td><span class="t-spar">非指针声明符</span> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-spar">形参列表</span> <code><b>)</b></code> <span class="t-spar">cv限定符</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">引用限定符</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">异常说明</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">属性</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <code><b>-></b></code> <span class="t-spar">尾随返回类型</span></td>
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<td>(2)</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>（<span class="t-spar">声明符</span> 语法的其他形式见<a href="cpp-language-declarations.html">声明</a>页面）</p>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> 常规函数声明语法</div>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> 尾随返回类型声明：尾随返回类型只能在最外层函数声明符中使用。此时 <span class="t-spar">声明说明符序列</span> 必须包含关键词 <code>auto</code></div>
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<table class="t-par-begin">
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td><span class="t-spar">非指针声明符</span></td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>任何合法的 <span class="t-spar">声明符</span>，但如果它以 *、& 或 && 开始，那么它必须被括号环绕。</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td><span class="t-spar">形参列表</span></td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>函数形参的逗号分隔列表，可以为空（细节见下文）</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td><span class="t-spar">属性</span></td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span> 以逗号分隔且可以为空的<a href="cpp-language-attributes.html">属性</a>列表。这些属性应用于函数类型，而非函数自身。在声明符中标识符之后出现的属性与有可能在声明开端出现的属性合并，如果存在。</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td><span class="t-spar">cv限定符</span></td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>const/volatile 限定，只允许在非静态成员函数中使用</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td><span class="t-spar">引用限定符</span></td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span> 引用限定，只允许在非静态成员函数中使用</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td><span class="t-spar">异常说明</span></td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>
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<table class="t-rev-begin">
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<tr class="t-rev t-until-cxx11">
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<td>
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<p><a href="cpp-language-except_spec.html">动态异常说明</a></p>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx11">(C++11 前)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11 t-until-cxx17">
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<td>
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<p><a href="cpp-language-except_spec.html">动态异常说明</a>或 <a href="cpp-language-noexcept_spec.html">noexcept 说明</a>之一</p>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span><br />
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<span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(C++17 前)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx17">
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<td>
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<p><a href="cpp-language-noexcept_spec.html">noexcept 说明</a></p>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p><span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx17"><span>注意，异常说明不是函数类型的一部分。</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(C++17 前)</span></span></span></p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-par">
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<td><span class="t-spar">尾随返回类型</span></td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span>尾随返回类型，当返回类型取决于实参名时，例如 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">template</span> <span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw1">class</span> T, <span class="kw1">class</span> U<span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw4">auto</span> add<span class="br0">(</span>T t, U u<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span> decltype<span class="br0">(</span>t <span class="sy2">+</span> u<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>，或当返回类型复杂时，例如在 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span> fpif<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> 中，尾随返回类型很有用</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<table class="t-rev-begin">
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<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx20">
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<td>
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<p>如<a href="cpp-language-declarations.html#.E5.A3.B0.E6.98.8E.E7.AC.A6">声明</a>页面所示，声明符可以后随 <i>requires</i> 子句，它声明与该函数关联的<a href="cpp-language-constraints.html">制约</a>，而<a href="cpp-language-overload_resolution.html">重载决议</a>所要选择的函数必须满足该制约。（例如 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span> f1<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> a<span class="br0">)</span> requires <span class="kw2">true</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>）注意，关联的制约是函数签名的一部分，但不是函数类型的一部分。</p>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>只要 <span class="t-spar">声明说明符序列</span> 允许，函数声明符就可以和其他声明符混合：</p>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="cpp source-cpp">
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<pre class="de1"><span class="co1">// 声明一个 int、一个 int*、一个函数，及一个函数指针</span>
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<span class="kw4">int</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="sy2">*</span>p <span class="sy1">=</span> <a href="cpp-types-NULL.html"><span class="kw103">NULL</span></a>, f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>, <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>pf<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="co1">// 声明说明符序列 是 int</span>
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<span class="co1">// 声明符 f() 声明（但不定义）一个不接受实参并返回 int 的函数</span>
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<span class="kw1">struct</span> S
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<span class="br0">{</span>
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<span class="kw1">virtual</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw4">const</span>, g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy3">&&</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 声明两个非静态成员函数</span>
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<span class="kw1">virtual</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">)</span>, x<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 编译时错误：（声明说明符序列中的）virtual</span>
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<span class="co1">// 只能声明非静态成员函数</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div>
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</div>
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<table class="t-rev-begin">
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<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx20">
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<td>
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<p>以 volatile 限定的对象类型作为形参类型或返回类型是被弃用的。</p>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>函数的返回类型不能是函数类型或数组类型（但可以是到它们的指针或引用）。</p>
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<table class="t-rev-begin">
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<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11">
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<td>
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<p>与任何声明相同，声明前出现的属性和声明符中直接跟在标识符之后的属性都会应用到所声明或定义的实体（在这个例子中，应用到函数）：</p>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="cpp source-cpp">
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<pre class="de1"><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">[</span>noreturn<span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="kw4">void</span> f <span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">[</span>noreturn<span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK：两个属性都应用到函数 f</span></pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>然而，（按上述语法）在声明符后出现的属性会应用到函数类型而非函数自身：</p>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="cpp source-cpp">
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<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">[</span>noreturn<span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 错误：此属性对函数自身没有影响</span></pre></div>
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</div>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>与任何声明相同，<code>ret func(params)</code> 所声明的函数 <code>func</code> 的类型为 <code>ret(params)</code>（但适用下文所述的形参类型重编）：参见 <a href="cpp-language-type.html#.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B.E7.9A.84.E5.91.BD.E5.90.8D">类型的命名</a>。</p>
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<table class="t-rev-begin">
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<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx14">
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<td>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.BF.94.E5.9B.9E.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B.E6.8E.A8.E5.AF.BC">返回类型推导</span></h3>
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<p>如果函数声明的 <i>声明说明符序列</i> 包含关键词 <code>auto</code>，那么尾随返回类型可以省略，且编译器将从返回语句中所用的表达式的类型推导出它。如果返回类型没有使用 <code>decltype(auto)</code>，那么推导遵循<a href="cpp-language-template_argument_deduction.html#.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E8.AF.AD.E5.A2.83">模板实参推导</a>的规则进行。</p>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="cpp source-cpp">
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<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> x <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw4">auto</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> x<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 返回类型是 int</span>
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<span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">auto</span><span class="sy3">&</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> x<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 返回类型是 const int&</span></pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>如果返回类型是 <code>decltype(auto)</code>，那么返回类型是将返回语句中所用的表达式包裹到 <a href="cpp-language-decltype.html">decltype</a> 中时所得到的类型：</p>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="cpp source-cpp">
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<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> x <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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decltype<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">auto</span><span class="br0">)</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> x<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 返回类型是 int，同 decltype(x)</span>
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decltype<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">auto</span><span class="br0">)</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span><span class="br0">(</span>x<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 返回类型是 int&，同 decltype((x))</span></pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>（注意：“<code>const decltype(auto)&</code>”是错误的，<code>decltype(auto)</code> 必须独自使用）</p>
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<p>如果有多条返回语句，那么它们必须推导出相同的类型：</p>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="cpp source-cpp">
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<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">auto</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">bool</span> val<span class="br0">)</span>
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<span class="br0">{</span>
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<span class="kw1">if</span><span class="br0">(</span>val<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu0">123</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 推导返回类型 int</span>
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<span class="kw1">else</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu17">3.14f</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 错误：推导返回类型 float</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>如果没有返回语句或返回语句的实参是 void 表达式，那么所声明的返回类型，必须要么是 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">decltype<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">auto</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>，此时推导返回类型是 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span>，要么是（可有 cv 限定的）<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span>，此时推导的返回类型则是（相同 cv 限定的）<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span>。</p>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="cpp source-cpp">
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<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">auto</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 返回 void</span>
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<span class="kw4">auto</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 返回 void</span>
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<span class="kw4">auto</span><span class="sy2">*</span> x<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 错误: 不能从 void 推导 auto*</span></pre></div>
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</div>
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|
<p>一旦在函数中见到一条返回语句，那么从该语句推导的返回类型就可以用于函数的剩余部分，包括其他返回语句：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">auto</span> sum<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> i<span class="br0">)</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">{</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">if</span><span class="br0">(</span>i <span class="sy1">==</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">return</span> i<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// sum 的返回类型是 int</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">else</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">return</span> sum<span class="br0">(</span>i <span class="sy2">-</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy2">+</span> i<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK，sum 的返回类型已知</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>如果返回语句使用花括号初始化器列表（brace-init-list），那么不允许推导：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">auto</span> func <span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="nu0">2</span>, <span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 错误</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p><a href="cpp-language-virtual.html">虚函数</a><span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx20"><span>与<a href="cpp-language-coroutines.html">协程</a></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20 起)</span></span></span>不能使用返回类型推导：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> F
|
|
<span class="br0">{</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">virtual</span> <span class="kw4">auto</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 错误</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>如果函数使用返回类型推导，那么它不能用其推导的类型或其他种类的返回类型推导再声明，即使推导出来的类型相同：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">auto</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 已声明，未定义</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">auto</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu0">42</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 已定义，返回类型是 int</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 错误：不能使用推导的类型</span>
|
|
decltype<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">auto</span><span class="br0">)</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 错误：不同种类的推导</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">auto</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK：再声明</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw1">typename</span> T<span class="sy1">></span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">struct</span> A <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">friend</span> T frf<span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">auto</span> frf<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> i<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> i<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 不是 A<int> 的友元</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>除了<a href="cpp-language-cast_operator.html">用户定义转换函数</a>以外的<a href="cpp-language-function_template.html">函数模板</a>可以使用返回类型推导。即使返回语句中的表达式并非<a href="cpp-language-dependent_name.html">待决</a>，推导也在实例化时发生。这种实例化并不处于 <a href="cpp-language-sfinae.html">SFINAE</a> 的目的的立即语境中。</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw1">class</span> T<span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw4">auto</span> f<span class="br0">(</span>T t<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> t<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">typedef</span> decltype<span class="br0">(</span>f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span> fint_t<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 实例化 f<int> 以推导返回类型</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw1">class</span> T<span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw4">auto</span> f<span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy2">*</span> t<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>t<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">void</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>p<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy3">&</span>f<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 实例化两个 f 以确定返回类型，</span>
|
|
<span class="co1">// 选择第二个模板重载</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>使用返回类型推导的函数模板特化必须使用同一返回类型占位符：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw1">typename</span> T<span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw4">auto</span> g<span class="br0">(</span>T t<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> t<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// #1</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">template</span> <span class="kw4">auto</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK，返回类型是 int</span>
|
|
<span class="co1">//template char g(char); // 错误，没有匹配的模板</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><></span> <span class="kw4">auto</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK，用未知返回类型的前置声明</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw1">typename</span> T<span class="sy1">></span> T g<span class="br0">(</span>T t<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> t<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// OK，不等价于 #1</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">template</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK，现在有匹配的模板</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">template</span> <span class="kw4">auto</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">float</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 仍然匹配 #1</span>
|
|
<span class="co1">// void h() { return g(42); } // 错误，歧义</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p><a href="cpp-language-function_template.html#.E6.98.BE.E5.BC.8F.E5.AE.9E.E4.BE.8B.E5.8C.96">显式实例化声明</a>本身并不实例化使用返回类型推导的函数模板：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw1">typename</span> T<span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw4">auto</span> f<span class="br0">(</span>T t<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> t<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">extern</span> <span class="kw1">template</span> <span class="kw4">auto</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 不实例化 f<int></span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>p<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> f<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 实例化 f<int> 以确定其返回类型，</span>
|
|
<span class="co1">// 但仍需要在程序的别处出现显式实例化的定义</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(C++14 起)</span></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.BD.A2.E5.8F.82.E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8">形参列表</span></h3>
|
|
<p>形参列表决定调用函数时所能指定的实参。它是<i>形参声明</i>的逗号分隔列表，其中每一项拥有下列语法：</p>
|
|
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-sdsc">
|
|
<td><span class="t-spar">属性</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">声明说明符序列</span> <span class="t-spar">声明符</span></td>
|
|
<td>(1)</td>
|
|
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-sdsc">
|
|
<td><span class="t-spar">属性</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">声明说明符序列</span> <span class="t-spar">声明符</span> <code><b>=</b></code> <span class="t-spar">初始化器</span></td>
|
|
<td>(2)</td>
|
|
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-sdsc">
|
|
<td><span class="t-spar">属性</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">声明说明符序列</span> <span class="t-spar">抽象声明符</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span></td>
|
|
<td>(3)</td>
|
|
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-sdsc">
|
|
<td><span class="t-spar">属性</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">声明说明符序列</span> <span class="t-spar">抽象声明符</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <code><b>=</b></code> <span class="t-spar">初始化器</span></td>
|
|
<td>(4)</td>
|
|
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-sdsc">
|
|
<td><code><b>void</b></code></td>
|
|
<td>(5)</td>
|
|
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> 声明一个具名（形式）参数。<span class="t-spar">声明说明符序列</span> 和 <span class="t-spar">声明符</span> 的含义见<a href="cpp-language-declarations.html">声明</a>页面。
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> a, <span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>p, <span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>x<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> 声明一个带有<a href="cpp-language-default_arguments.html">默认值</a>的具名（形式）参数。
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">7</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>p <span class="sy1">=</span> nullptr, <span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>x<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> nullptr<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> 声明一个无名形参。
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> 声明一个具有<a href="cpp-language-default_arguments.html">默认值</a>的无名形参。
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">7</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="sy2">*</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> nullptr, <span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> nullptr<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">5)</span> 指示函数不接受形参，它是空参数列表的确切同义词：<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> 和 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> 声明同一函数。注意类型 <code>void</code>（可以有 cv 限定）不能在其他情况下用于参数列表：<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> 和 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> 是错误的（但可以使用其衍生类型，如 <code>void*</code>）。在模板中，只能使用非待决的 void（当以 <code>T = void</code> 实例化时，采用单个 <code>T</code> 类型的形参的函数不会成为无形参函数）。</div>
|
|
<p>省略号 <code><b>...</b></code> 可出现于形参列表末尾；这声明一个<a href="cpp-language-variadic_arguments.html">变参函数（variadic function）</a>：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> printf<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> fmt ...<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>为了与 C89 兼容，当形参列表含有至少一个形参时，省略号前可以出现一个逗号：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> printf<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> fmt, ...<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK，同上</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<table class="t-rev-begin">
|
|
<tr class="t-rev t-until-cxx17">
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>尽管 <span class="t-spar">声明说明符序列</span> 蕴含了可以存在类型说明符之外的<a href="cpp-language-declarations.html#.E8.AF.B4.E6.98.8E.E7.AC.A6">说明符</a>，但其他可用的说明符只有 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">register</span></span></span> <span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx11"><span>和 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx11">(C++11 前)</span></span></span>，而且它没有任何效果。</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(C++17 前)</span></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<table class="t-rev-begin">
|
|
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx20">
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>如果任何函数形参使用了<i>占位符（placeholder）</i>（<code>auto</code> 或 <a href="cpp-concepts.html">概念（concept）类型</a>），那么函数声明转变为<a href="cpp-language-function_template.html#.E7.AE.80.E5.86.99.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0.E6.A8.A1.E6.9D.BF">简写函数模板</a>声明：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">void</span> f1<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">auto</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 同 template<class T> void f(T)</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">void</span> f2<span class="br0">(</span>C1 <span class="kw4">auto</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 如果 C1 是概念，同 template<C1 T> void f7(T)</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20 起)</span></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<p>在函数声明中声明的形参名通常只用作以自身为文档。它们在函数定义中被使用（但仍不强制）。</p>
|
|
<p>形参列表中的每个函数形参的类型根据下列规则确定：</p>
|
|
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> 首先，以如同在任何<a href="cpp-language-declarations.html">声明</a>中的方式，组合<span class="t-spar">声明说明符序列</span>和声明符以确定其类型。</div>
|
|
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> 如果类型是“T 的数组”或“T 的未知边界数组”，那么它被替换成类型“T 的指针”</div>
|
|
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> 如果类型是函数类型 F，那么它被替换成类型“F 的指针”</div>
|
|
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> 从形参类型中丢弃顶层 cv 限定符（此调整只影响函数类型，但不改动形参的性质：<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> p, decltype<span class="br0">(</span>p<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> 和 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span>, <span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> 声明同一函数）</div>
|
|
<p>因为这些规则，下列函数声明确切地声明同一函数：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span> s<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> s<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> <span class="kw4">const</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> <span class="kw4">volatile</span> s<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>下列声明也确切地声明同一函数：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>g<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>形参类型不能是含有到未知边界数组的引用或指针的类型，含有这种类型的多级指针/数组，或含有指向以这些类型为形参的函数的指针。</p>
|
|
<table class="t-rev-begin">
|
|
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11">
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>指示<a href="cpp-language-variadic_arguments.html">可变实参</a>的省略号前不需要有逗号，即使它跟随指示<a href="cpp-language-parameter_pack.html">形参包</a>展开的省略号，所以下列函数模板是确切相同的：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw1">typename</span> ...<span class="me1">Args</span><span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span>Args..., ...<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw1">typename</span> ...<span class="me1">Args</span><span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span>Args... ...<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw1">typename</span> ...<span class="me1">Args</span><span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span>Args......<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>使用这种声明的例子之一是 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="cpp-types-is_function.html"><span class="kw478">std::<span class="me2">is_function</span></span></a></span></span> 的实现。</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0.E5.AE.9A.E4.B9.89">函数定义</span></h3>
|
|
<p>非成员函数的定义只能出现在命名空间作用域中（不存在嵌套函数）。<a href="cpp-language-member_functions.html">成员函数</a>的定义亦可出现在<a href="cpp-language-class.html">类定义</a>的体内。它们拥有下列语法：</p>
|
|
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-sdsc">
|
|
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"><span class="t-spar">属性</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">声明说明符序列</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">声明符</span> <span class="t-spar">虚声明符序列</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">函数体</span></td>
|
|
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"></td>
|
|
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<p>其中 <span class="t-spar">函数体</span> 是下列之一：</p>
|
|
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-sdsc">
|
|
<td><span class="t-spar">构造函数初始化器</span><span class="t-mark">(可选)</span> <span class="t-spar">复合语句</span></td>
|
|
<td>(1)</td>
|
|
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-sdsc">
|
|
<td><span class="t-spar">函数-try-块</span></td>
|
|
<td>(2)</td>
|
|
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-sdsc">
|
|
<td><code><b>=</b></code> <code><b>delete</b></code> <code><b>;</b></code></td>
|
|
<td>(3)</td>
|
|
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-sdsc">
|
|
<td><code><b>=</b></code> <code><b>default</b></code> <code><b>;</b></code></td>
|
|
<td>(4)</td>
|
|
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> 常规函数体</div>
|
|
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> <a href="cpp-language-function-try-block.html">函数 try 块</a>（这是包装在 try/catch 块内的常规函数体）</div>
|
|
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> 显式弃置的函数定义</div>
|
|
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> 显式预置的函数定义，只能用于<a href="cpp-language-member_functions.html#.E7.89.B9.E6.AE.8A.E6.88.90.E5.91.98.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0">特殊成员函数</a><span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx20"><span>和<a href="cpp-language-default_comparisons.html">比较运算符函数</a></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20 起)</span></span></span>
|
|
<table class="t-par-begin">
|
|
<tr class="t-par">
|
|
<td><span class="t-spar">属性</span></td>
|
|
<td>-</td>
|
|
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span> 以逗号分隔且可以为空的<a href="cpp-language-attributes.html">属性</a>列表。这些属性与可能出现在 <span class="t-spar">声明符</span> 中标识符之后的属性结合（见本页顶部）。</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-par">
|
|
<td><span class="t-spar">声明说明符序列</span></td>
|
|
<td>-</td>
|
|
<td>带有说明符的返回类型，与<a href="cpp-language-declarations.html">声明文法</a>相同</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-par">
|
|
<td><span class="t-spar">声明符</span></td>
|
|
<td>-</td>
|
|
<td>函数声明符，与上述函数声明文法相同。<span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx20"><span>和函数声明一样，它可以后随 <span class="t-spar">requires-子句</span></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20 起)</span></span></span></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-par">
|
|
<td><span class="t-spar">虚说明符序列</span></td>
|
|
<td>-</td>
|
|
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span> <a href="cpp-language-override.html"><code>override</code></a>、<a href="cpp-language-final.html"><code>final</code></a>，或它们任意顺序的组合（仅对非静态成员函数允许）</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-par">
|
|
<td><span class="t-spar">构造函数初始化器</span></td>
|
|
<td>-</td>
|
|
<td><a href="cpp-language-initializer_list.html" class="mw-redirect">成员初始化器列表</a>，只能用于构造函数</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="t-par">
|
|
<td><span class="t-spar">复合语句</span></td>
|
|
<td>-</td>
|
|
<td>花括号环绕的<a href="cpp-language-statements.html#.E5.A4.8D.E5.90.88.E8.AF.AD.E5.8F.A5">语句序列</a>，它们构成函数体</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> max<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> a, <span class="kw4">int</span> b, <span class="kw4">int</span> c<span class="br0">)</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">{</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">int</span> m <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">(</span>a <span class="sy1">></span> b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">?</span> a <span class="sy4">:</span> b<span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="br0">(</span>m <span class="sy1">></span> c<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">?</span> m <span class="sy4">:</span> c<span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">}</span>
|
|
<span class="co1">// 声明说明符序列 是“int”</span>
|
|
<span class="co1">// 声明符是“max(int a, int b, int c)”</span>
|
|
<span class="co1">// 函数体是 { ... }</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>函数体是一条<a href="cpp-language-statements.html#.E5.A4.8D.E5.90.88.E8.AF.AD.E5.8F.A5">复合语句</a>（由一对花括号环绕的零或多条语句），它们在函数调用时被执行。</p>
|
|
<p>函数的各个形参类型和返回类型不能是<a href="cpp-language-incomplete_type.html" class="mw-redirect">不完整的</a><a href="cpp-language-class.html">类类型</a>，<span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span>除非函数已显式定义为被弃置</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></span></span>。完整性检查在函数<i>体</i>的语境中进行，这允许<a href="cpp-language-member_functions.html">成员函数</a>返回在其中定义它们的类（或其外围类），尽管在定义点它可能不完整（它在函数体内完整）。</p>
|
|
<p>在函数定义的 <span class="t-spar">声明符</span> 中声明的形参在函数体内<a href="cpp-language-scope.html">处于作用域中</a>。如果某个形参没有在函数体中使用，那么它不需要具名（只需要使用抽象声明符）</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">void</span> print<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> a, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="co1">// 没有使用第二个形参</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">{</span>
|
|
<a href="cpp-io-c-fprintf.html"><span class="kw1845">std::<span class="me2">printf</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"a = %d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>,a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>尽管形参上的顶层 <a href="cpp-language-cv.html">cv 限定符</a>在函数声明中被忽略，它们仍然会修饰形参的类型，这在函数体中可见：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> n<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="co1">// 声明 void(int) 类型的函数</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">{</span>
|
|
<span class="co1">// 但在体内，n 的类型是 const int</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<table class="t-rev-begin">
|
|
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11">
|
|
<td>
|
|
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.BC.83.E7.BD.AE.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0">弃置函数</span></h3>
|
|
<p>如果使用特殊语法 <code><b>= delete ;</b></code>取代函数体，那么该函数被定义为<i>弃置的（deleted）</i>。任何弃置函数的使用都是非良构的（程序无法编译）。这包含调用，包括显式（以函数调用运算符）及隐式（对弃置的重载运算符、特殊成员函数、分配函数等的调用），构成指向弃置函数的指针或成员指针，甚至是在不求值表达式中使用弃置函数。但是，允许隐式 <a href="cpp-language-definition.html#ODR_.E5.BC.8F.E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8">ODR 式使用</a> 刚好被弃置的非纯虚成员函数。</p>
|
|
<p>如果函数被重载，那么首先进行<a href="cpp-language-overload_resolution.html">重载决议</a>，且仅当选择了弃置函数时程序才非良构。</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> sometype
|
|
<span class="br0">{</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">void</span><span class="sy2">*</span> <a href="cpp-memory-new-operator_new.html"><span class="kw687">operator new</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><a href="cpp-types-size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> delete<span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">void</span><span class="sy2">*</span> <a href="cpp-memory-new-operator_new.html"><span class="kw687">operator new</span></a><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">(</span><a href="cpp-types-size_t.html"><span class="kw100">std::<span class="me2">size_t</span></span></a><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> delete<span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
sometype<span class="sy2">*</span> p <span class="sy1">=</span> new sometype<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 错误：尝试调用弃置的 sometype::operator new</span></pre></div>
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</div>
|
|
<p>函数的弃置定义必须是翻译单元中的首条声明：已经声明过的函数不能声明为弃置的：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
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<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> sometype <span class="br0">{</span> sometype<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
sometype<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">sometype</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> delete<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 错误：必须在首条声明弃置</span></pre></div>
|
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</div>
|
|
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="func">__func__</span></h3>
|
|
<p>在函数体内，如同以如下方式定义了函数局部的预定义变量 <span class="t-lc">__func__</span></p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">static</span> <span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> __func__<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"函数名"</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>此变量具有块作用域及静态存储期：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> S
|
|
<span class="br0">{</span>
|
|
S<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">:</span> s<span class="br0">(</span>__func__<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// OK：初始化器列表是函数体的一部分</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> s<span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> s <span class="sy1">=</span> __func__<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 错误：形参列表是声明符的一部分</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.B3.A8.E8.A7.A3">注解</span></h3>
|
|
<p>在使用直接初始化语法的变量声明和函数声明之间有歧义的情况下，编译器选择函数声明；见<a href="cpp-language-direct_initialization.html#.E6.B3.A8.E6.84.8F">直接初始化</a>页面。</p>
|
|
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.A4.BA.E4.BE.8B">示例</span></h3>
|
|
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" style="">
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td>
|
|
<td class="mbox-text" style="">本节未完成<br />
|
|
原因：移动/清理</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<div class="t-example">
|
|
<div class="t-example-live-link"></div>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="cpp source-cpp">
|
|
<pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
|
|
<span class="co2">#include <string></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="co1">// 命名空间（文件）作用域中的声明</span>
|
|
<span class="co1">// （定义在后面提供）</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">int</span> f1<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="co1">// 拥有默认实参的简单函数，不返回内容</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">void</span> f0<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <a href="cpp-string-basic_string.html"><span class="kw1230">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&</span> arg <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"world"</span><span class="br0">)</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">{</span>
|
|
<a href="cpp-io-cout.html"><span class="kw1758">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"Hello, "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> arg <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">}</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="co1">// 返回指向 f0 的指针的函数</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">auto</span> fp11<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <a href="cpp-string-basic_string.html"><span class="kw1230">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">{</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">return</span> f0<span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">}</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="co1">// 返回指向 f0 的指针的函数，C++11 前的风格</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">void</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>fp03<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <a href="cpp-string-basic_string.html"><span class="kw1230">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">{</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">return</span> f0<span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">}</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">{</span>
|
|
f0<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
fp11<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"test"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
fp03<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"again"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">int</span> f2<span class="br0">(</span><a href="cpp-string-basic_string.html"><span class="kw1230">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 块作用域中的声明</span>
|
|
<a href="cpp-io-cout.html"><span class="kw1758">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> f2<span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"bad12"</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">}</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="co1">// 简单的非成员函数，返回 int</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">int</span> f1<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">{</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu0">42</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">}</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="co1">// 拥有异常说明和函数 try 块的函数</span>
|
|
<span class="kw4">int</span> f2<span class="br0">(</span><a href="cpp-string-basic_string.html"><span class="kw1230">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a> str<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="kw1">noexcept</span> <span class="kw1">try</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">{</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">return</span> <a href="cpp-string-basic_string-stol.html"><span class="kw1257">std::<span class="me2">stoi</span></span></a><span class="br0">(</span>str<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">}</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">catch</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> <a href="cpp-error-exception.html"><span class="kw764">std::<span class="me2">exception</span></span></a><span class="sy3">&</span> e<span class="br0">)</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">{</span>
|
|
<a href="cpp-io-cerr.html"><span class="kw1760">std::<span class="me2">cerr</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"stoi() 失败！<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
|
|
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>输出：</p>
|
|
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
|
|
<div class="text source-text">
|
|
<pre class="de1">Hello, world
|
|
Hello, test
|
|
Hello, again
|
|
stoi() 失败！
|
|
0</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.BC.BA.E9.99.B7.E6.8A.A5.E5.91.8A">缺陷报告</span></h3>
|
|
<p>下列更改行为的缺陷报告追溯地应用于以前出版的 C++ 标准。</p>
|
|
<table class="dsctable" style="font-size:0.8em">
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>DR</th>
|
|
<th>应用于</th>
|
|
<th>出版时的行为</th>
|
|
<th>正确行为</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue393">CWG 393</a></td>
|
|
<td>C++98</td>
|
|
<td>含有到未知边界数组的指针/引用的类型不能作为形参</td>
|
|
<td>允许这些类型</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue577">CWG 577</a></td>
|
|
<td>C++98</td>
|
|
<td>待决类型 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span> 可用于声明无形参函数</td>
|
|
<td>只允许非待决的 void</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue1394">CWG 1394</a></td>
|
|
<td>C++11</td>
|
|
<td>弃置函数不能返回不完整类型</td>
|
|
<td>允许不完整的返回类型</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8F.82.E9.98.85">参阅</span></h3>
|
|
<table class="t-dsc-begin"></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="visualClear"></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|