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<section id="module-http.client">
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<span id="http-client-http-protocol-client"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-http.client" title="http.client: HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client</span></code></a> --- HTTP 协议客户端<a class="headerlink" href="#module-http.client" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>源代码：</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/http/client.py">Lib/http/client.py</a></p>
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<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><hr class="docutils" id="index-1" />
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<p>这个模块定义了实现 HTTP 和 HTTPS 协议客户端的类。 它通常不直接使用 --- 模块 <a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#module-urllib.request" title="urllib.request: Extensible library for opening URLs."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code></a> 用它来处理使用 HTTP 和 HTTPS 的 URL。</p>
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<div class="admonition seealso">
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<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
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<p>对于更高级别的 HTTP 客户端接口，建议使用 <a class="reference external" href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/">Requests</a> 。</p>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
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<p>HTTPS 支持仅在编译 Python 时启用了 SSL 支持的情况下（通过 <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#module-ssl" title="ssl: TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl</span></code></a> 模块）可用。</p>
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</div>
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<p>该模块支持以下类：</p>
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<dl class="class">
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<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection">
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">HTTPConnection</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">host</em>, <em class="sig-param">port=None</em>, <span class="optional">[</span><em class="sig-param">timeout</em>, <span class="optional">]</span><em class="sig-param">source_address=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">blocksize=8192</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="http.client.HTTPConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPConnection</span></code></a> 的实例代表与 HTTP 的一个连接事务。 它的实例化应当传入一个主机和可选的端口号。 如果没有传入端口号，如果主机字符串的形式为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">主机:端口</span></code> 则会从中提取端口，否则将使用默认的 HTTP 端口（80）。 如果给出了可选的 <em>timeout</em> 参数，则阻塞操作（例如连接尝试）将在指定的秒数之后超时（如果未给出，则使用全局默认超时设置）。 可选的 <em>source_address</em> 参数可以为一个 (主机, 端口) 元组，用作进行 HTTP 连接的源地址。 可选的 <em>blocksize</em> 参数可以字节为单位设置缓冲区的大小，用来发送文件类消息体。</p>
|
||
<p>举个例子，以下调用都是创建连接到同一主机和端口的服务器的实例：</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">h1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'www.python.org'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">h2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'www.python.org:80'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">h3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'www.python.org'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">h4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'www.python.org'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">timeout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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||
</div>
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||
<div class="versionchanged">
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||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.2 版更改: </span>添加了*source_address* 参数</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.4 版更改: </span>删除了 <em>strict</em> 参数，不再支持 HTTP 0.9 风格的“简单响应”。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.7 版更改: </span>添加了 <em>blocksize</em> 参数。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="class">
|
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<dt id="http.client.HTTPSConnection">
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">HTTPSConnection</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">host</em>, <em class="sig-param">port=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">key_file=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">cert_file=None</em>, <span class="optional">[</span><em class="sig-param">timeout</em>, <span class="optional">]</span><em class="sig-param">source_address=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">*</em>, <em class="sig-param">context=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">check_hostname=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">blocksize=8192</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPSConnection" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="http.client.HTTPConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPConnection</span></code></a> 的子类，使用 SSL 与安全服务器进行通信。 默认端口为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">443</span></code>。 如果指定了 <em>context</em>，它必须为一个描述 SSL 各选项的 <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext" title="ssl.SSLContext"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLContext</span></code></a> 实例。</p>
|
||
<p>请参阅 <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl-security"><span class="std std-ref">安全考量</span></a> 了解有关最佳实践的更多信息。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.2 版更改: </span>添加了 <em>source_address</em>, <em>context</em> 和 <em>check_hostname</em>。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.2 版更改: </span>这个类目前会在可能的情况下（即如果 <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.HAS_SNI" title="ssl.HAS_SNI"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.HAS_SNI</span></code></a> 为真值）支持 HTTPS 虚拟主机。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.4 版更改: </span>删除了 <em>strict</em> 参数，不再支持 HTTP 0.9 风格的“简单响应”。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.4.3 版更改: </span>目前这个类在默认情况下会执行所有必要的证书和主机检查。 要回复到先前的非验证行为，可以将 <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl._create_unverified_context()</span></code> 传递给 <em>context</em> 参数。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.8 版更改: </span>该类现在对于默认的 <em>context</em> 或在传入 <em>cert_file</em> 并附带自定义 <em>context</em> 时会启用 TLS 1.3 <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.post_handshake_auth" title="ssl.SSLContext.post_handshake_auth"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLContext.post_handshake_auth</span></code></a>。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="deprecated">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">3.6 版后已移除: </span><em>key_file</em> 和 <em>cert_file</em> 已弃用并转而推荐 <em>context</em>。 请改用 <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain" title="ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain()</span></code></a> 或让 <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.create_default_context" title="ssl.create_default_context"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.create_default_context()</span></code></a> 为你选择系统所信任的 CA 证书。</p>
|
||
<p><em>check_hostname</em> 参数也已弃用；应当改用 <em>context</em> 的 <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname" title="ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname</span></code></a> 属性。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="class">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse">
|
||
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">HTTPResponse</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">sock</em>, <em class="sig-param">debuglevel=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">method=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">url=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>在成功连接后返回类的实例，而不是由用户直接实例化。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.4 版更改: </span>删除了 <em>strict</em> 参数，不再支持HTTP 0.9 风格的“简单响应”。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<p>这个模块定义了以下函数：</p>
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.parse_headers">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">parse_headers</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">fp</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.parse_headers" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>从文件指针 <em>fp</em> 中解析头部信息，该文件代表 HTTP 请求/响应。该文件必须是 <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BufferedIOBase</span></code> reader 对象（即不是文本），并且必须提供符合 <span class="target" id="index-8"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a> 格式的头部。</p>
|
||
<p>该函数返回 <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client.HTTPMessage</span></code> 的实例，带有头部各个字段，但不带正文数据（与 <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.msg" title="http.client.HTTPResponse.msg"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPResponse.msg</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="http.server.html#http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler.headers" title="http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler.headers"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler.headers</span></code></a> 一样）。返回之后，文件指针 <em>fp</em> 已为读取 HTTP 正文做好准备了。</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
|
||
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.parse_headers" title="http.client.parse_headers"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parse_headers()</span></code></a> 不会解析 HTTP 消息的开始行；只会解析各 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Name:</span> <span class="pre">value</span></code> 行。文件必须为读取这些字段做好准备，所以在调用该函数之前，第一行应该已经被读取过了。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<p>下列异常可以适当地被引发:</p>
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPException">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">HTTPException</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>此模块中其他异常的基类。 它是 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#Exception" title="Exception"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Exception</span></code></a> 的一个子类。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.NotConnected">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">NotConnected</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.NotConnected" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a> 的一个子类。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.InvalidURL">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">InvalidURL</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.InvalidURL" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a> 的一个子类，如果给出了一个非数字或为空值的端口就会被引发。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.UnknownProtocol">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">UnknownProtocol</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.UnknownProtocol" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a> 的一个子类。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.UnknownTransferEncoding">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">UnknownTransferEncoding</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.UnknownTransferEncoding" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a> 的一个子类。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.UnimplementedFileMode">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">UnimplementedFileMode</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.UnimplementedFileMode" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a> 的一个子类。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.IncompleteRead">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">IncompleteRead</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.IncompleteRead" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a> 的一个子类。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.ImproperConnectionState">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">ImproperConnectionState</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.ImproperConnectionState" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a> 的一个子类。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.CannotSendRequest">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">CannotSendRequest</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.CannotSendRequest" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.ImproperConnectionState" title="http.client.ImproperConnectionState"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ImproperConnectionState</span></code></a> 的一个子类。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.CannotSendHeader">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">CannotSendHeader</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.CannotSendHeader" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.ImproperConnectionState" title="http.client.ImproperConnectionState"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ImproperConnectionState</span></code></a> 的一个子类。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.ResponseNotReady">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">ResponseNotReady</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.ResponseNotReady" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.ImproperConnectionState" title="http.client.ImproperConnectionState"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ImproperConnectionState</span></code></a> 的一个子类。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.BadStatusLine">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">BadStatusLine</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.BadStatusLine" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a> 的一个子类。 如果服务器反馈了一个我们不理解的 HTTP 状态码就会被引发。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.LineTooLong">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">LineTooLong</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.LineTooLong" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPException" title="http.client.HTTPException"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPException</span></code></a> 的一个子类。 如果在 HTTP 协议中从服务器接收到过长的行就会被引发。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="exception">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.RemoteDisconnected">
|
||
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">RemoteDisconnected</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.RemoteDisconnected" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ConnectionResetError" title="ConnectionResetError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConnectionResetError</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.BadStatusLine" title="http.client.BadStatusLine"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BadStatusLine</span></code></a> 的一个子类。 当尝试读取响应时的结果是未从连接读取到数据时由 <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse" title="http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPConnection.getresponse()</span></code></a> 引发，表明远端已关闭连接。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.5 新版功能: </span>在此之前引发的异常为 <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.BadStatusLine" title="http.client.BadStatusLine"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BadStatusLine</span></code></a><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">('')</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<p>此模块中定义的常量为：</p>
|
||
<dl class="data">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTP_PORT">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">HTTP_PORT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTP_PORT" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>HTTP 协议默认的端口号 (总是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">80</span></code>)。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="data">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPS_PORT">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">HTTPS_PORT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPS_PORT" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>HTTPS 协议默认的端口号 (总是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">443</span></code>)。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="data">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.responses">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">http.client.</code><code class="sig-name descname">responses</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.responses" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>这个字典把 HTTP 1.1 状态码映射到 W3C 名称。</p>
|
||
<p>例如：<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client.responses[http.client.NOT_FOUND]</span></code> 是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'NOT</span> <span class="pre">FOUND</span></code> （未发现）。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<p>本模块中可用的 HTTP 状态码常量可以参见 <a class="reference internal" href="http.html#http-status-codes"><span class="std std-ref">HTTP 状态码</span></a> 。</p>
|
||
<section id="httpconnection-objects">
|
||
<span id="id1"></span><h2>HTTPConnection 对象<a class="headerlink" href="#httpconnection-objects" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="http.client.HTTPConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPConnection</span></code></a> 实例拥有以下方法：</p>
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.request">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="sig-name descname">request</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">method</em>, <em class="sig-param">url</em>, <em class="sig-param">body=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">headers={}</em>, <em class="sig-param">*</em>, <em class="sig-param">encode_chunked=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.request" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>这会使用 HTTP 请求方法 <em>method</em> 和选择器 <em>url</em> 向服务器发送请求。</p>
|
||
<p>如果给定 <em>body</em>，那么给定的数据会在信息头完成之后发送。它可能是一个 <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> 、一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a> 、一个打开的 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object"><span class="xref std std-term">file object</span></a>，或者 <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> 迭代器。如果 <em>body</em> 是字符串，它会按 HTTP 默认的 ISO-8859-1 编码；如果是一个字节类对象，它会按原样发送；如果是 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object"><span class="xref std std-term">file object</span></a> ，文件的内容会被发送，这个文件对象应该支持 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">read()</span></code> 方法。如果这个文件对象是一个 <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.TextIOBase" title="io.TextIOBase"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io.TextIOBase</span></code></a> 实例， <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">read()</span></code> 方法返回的数据会按 ISO-8859-1 编码，否则 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">read()</span></code> 方法返回的数据会按原样发送；如果 <em>body</em> 是一个迭代器，迭代器中的元素会被发送，直到迭代器耗尽。</p>
|
||
<p><em>headers</em> 参数应是额外的随请求发送的 HTTP 信息头的字典。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <em>headers</em> 既不包含 Content-Length 也没有 Transfer-Encoding，但存在请求正文，那么这些头字段中的一个会自动设定。如果 <em>body</em> 是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>，那么对于要求正文的方法 (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PUT</span></code>，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">POST</span></code>，和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PATCH</span></code>)，Content-Length 头会被设为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>。如果 <em>body</em> 是字符串或者类似字节的对象，并且也不是 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object"><span class="xref std std-term">文件</span></a>，Content-Length 头会设为正文的长度。任何其他类型的 <em>body</em> （一般是文件或迭代器）会按块编码，这时会自动设定 Transfer-Encoding 头以代替 Content-Length。</p>
|
||
<p>在 <em>headers</em> 中指定 Transfer-Encoding 时， <em>encode_chunked</em> 是唯一相关的参数。如果 <em>encode_chunked</em> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>，HTTPConnection 对象会假定所有的编码都由调用代码处理。如果为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>，正文会按块编码。</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
|
||
<p>HTTP 协议在 1.1 版中添加了块传输编码。除非明确知道 HTTP 服务器可以处理 HTTP 1.1，调用者要么必须指定 Content-Length，要么必须传入 <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> 或字节类对象，注意该对象不能是表达 body 的文件。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.2 新版功能: </span><em>body</em> 现在可以是可迭代对象了。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.6 版更改: </span>如果 Content-Length 和 Transfer-Encoding 都没有在 <em>headers</em> 中设置，文件和可迭代的 <em>body</em> 对象现在会按块编码。添加了 <em>encode_chunked</em> 参数。不会尝试去确定文件对象的 Content-Length。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getresponse</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>应当在发送一个请求从服务器获取响应时被调用。 返回一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse" title="http.client.HTTPResponse"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPResponse</span></code></a> 的实例。</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
|
||
<p>请注意你必须在读取了整个响应之后才能向服务器发送新的请求。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.5 版更改: </span>如果引发了 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ConnectionError" title="ConnectionError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConnectionError</span></code></a> 或其子类， <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection" title="http.client.HTTPConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPConnection</span></code></a> 对象将在发送新的请求时准备好重新连接。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="sig-name descname">set_debuglevel</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">level</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>设置调试等级。 默认的调试等级为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>，意味着不会打印调试输出。 任何大于 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> 的值将使得所有当前定义的调试输出被打印到 stdout。 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">debuglevel</span></code> 会被传给任何新创建的 <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse" title="http.client.HTTPResponse"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPResponse</span></code></a> 对象。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.1 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.set_tunnel">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="sig-name descname">set_tunnel</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">host</em>, <em class="sig-param">port=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">headers=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.set_tunnel" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>为 HTTP 连接隧道设置主机和端口。 这将允许通过代理服务器运行连接。</p>
|
||
<p>host 和 port 参数指明隧道连接的位置（即 CONNECT 请求所包含的地址，而 <em>不是</em> 代理服务器的地址）。</p>
|
||
<p>headers 参数应为一个随 CONNECT 请求发送的额外 HTTP 标头的映射。</p>
|
||
<p>例如，要通过一个运行于本机 8080 端口的 HTTPS 代理服务器隧道，我们应当向 <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPSConnection" title="http.client.HTTPSConnection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPSConnection</span></code></a> 构造器传入代理的地址，并将我们最终想要访问的主机地址传给 <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.set_tunnel" title="http.client.HTTPConnection.set_tunnel"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_tunnel()</span></code></a> 方法:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">http.client</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPSConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"localhost"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8080</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_tunnel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"www.python.org"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"HEAD"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">"/index.html"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.2 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.connect">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="sig-name descname">connect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.connect" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>当对象被创建后连接到指定的服务器。 默认情况下，如果客户端还未建立连接，此函数会在发送请求时自动被调用。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.close">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="sig-name descname">close</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.close" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>关闭到服务器的连接。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.blocksize">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="sig-name descname">blocksize</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.blocksize" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>用于发送文件类消息体的缓冲区大小。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.7 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<p>作为对使用上述 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request()</span></code> 方法的替代同，你也可以通过使用下面的四个函数，分步骤发送请的请求。</p>
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.putrequest">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="sig-name descname">putrequest</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">method</em>, <em class="sig-param">url</em>, <em class="sig-param">skip_host=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">skip_accept_encoding=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.putrequest" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>应为连接服务器之后首先调用的函数。将向服务器发送一行数据，包含 <em>method</em> 字符串、<em>url</em> 字符串和 HTTP 版本（<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTP/1.1</span></code>）。若要禁止自动发送 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Host:</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Accept-Encoding:</span></code> 头部信息（比如需要接受其他编码格式的内容），请将 <em>skip_host</em> 或 <em>skip_accept_encoding</em> 设为非 False 值。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.putheader">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="sig-name descname">putheader</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">header</em>, <em class="sig-param">argument</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param">...</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.putheader" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>向服务器发送一个 <span class="target" id="index-9"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822.html"><strong>RFC 822</strong></a> 格式的头部。将向服务器发送一行由头、冒号和空格以及第一个参数组成的数据。 如果还给出了其他参数，将在后续行中发送，每行由一个制表符和一个参数组成。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.endheaders">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="sig-name descname">endheaders</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">message_body=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">*</em>, <em class="sig-param">encode_chunked=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.endheaders" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>向服务器发送一个空行，表示头部文件结束。可选的 <em>message_body</em> 参数可用于传入一个与请求相关的消息体。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <em>encode_chunked</em> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>，则对 <em>message_body</em> 的每次迭代结果将依照 <span class="target" id="index-10"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230.html"><strong>RFC 7230</strong></a> 3.3.1 节的规范进行分块编码。数据如何编码取决于 <em>message_body</em> 的类型。 如果 <em>message_body</em> 实现了 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/buffer.html#bufferobjects"><span class="std std-ref">buffer 接口</span></a>，编码将生成一个数据块。如果 <em>message_body</em> 是 <a class="reference internal" href="collections.abc.html#collections.abc.Iterable" title="collections.abc.Iterable"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc.Iterable</span></code></a>，则 <em>message_body</em> 的每次迭代都会产生一个块。 如果 <em>message_body</em> 为 <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object"><span class="xref std std-term">file object</span></a>，那么每次调用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.read()</span></code> 都会产生一个数据块。在 <em>message_body</em> 结束后，本方法立即会自动标记块编码数据的结束。</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
|
||
<p>由于分块编码的规范要求，迭代器本身产生的空块将被分块编码器忽略。这是为了避免目标服务器因错误编码而过早终止对请求的读取。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.6 新版功能: </span>支持分块编码。加入了 <em>encode_chunked</em> 参数。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPConnection.send">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPConnection.</code><code class="sig-name descname">send</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.send" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>发送数据到服务器。本函数只应在调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.endheaders" title="http.client.HTTPConnection.endheaders"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">endheaders()</span></code></a> 方法之后且调用 <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse" title="http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getresponse()</span></code></a> 之前直接调用。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="httpresponse-objects">
|
||
<span id="id2"></span><h2>HTTPResponse 对象<a class="headerlink" href="#httpresponse-objects" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse" title="http.client.HTTPResponse"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPResponse</span></code></a> 实例封装了来自服务器的 HTTP 响应。通过它可以访问请求头和响应体。响应是可迭代对象，可在 with 语句中使用。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.5 版更改: </span>现在已实现了 <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.BufferedIOBase" title="io.BufferedIOBase"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io.BufferedIOBase</span></code></a> 接口，并且支持所有的读取操作。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.read">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="sig-name descname">read</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em class="sig-param">amt</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.read" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>读取并返回响应体，或后续 <em>amt</em> 个字节。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.readinto">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="sig-name descname">readinto</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.readinto" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>读取响应体的后续 len(b) 个字节到缓冲区 <em>b</em>。返回读取的字节数。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.3 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.getheader">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getheader</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">name</em>, <em class="sig-param">default=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.getheader" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>返回头部信息中的 <em>name</em> 值，如果没有与 <em>name</em> 匹配的字段，则返回*default*。如果名为 <em>name</em> 的字段不止一个，则返回所有字段，中间用 ', ' 连接。 如果 'default' 不是单个字符串，而是其他可迭代对象，则其元素同样以逗号连接并返回。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.getheaders">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getheaders</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.getheaders" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>返回 (header, value) 元组构成的列表。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.fileno">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="sig-name descname">fileno</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.fileno" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>返回底层套接字的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fileno</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.msg">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="sig-name descname">msg</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.msg" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>包含响应头的 <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client.HTTPMessage</span></code> 实例。<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client.HTTPMessage</span></code> 是 <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message</span></code></a> 的子类。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.version">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="sig-name descname">version</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.version" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>服务器使用的 HTTP 协议版本。10 代表 HTTP/1.0，11 代表 HTTP/1.1。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.status">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="sig-name descname">status</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.status" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>由服务器返回的状态码。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.reason">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="sig-name descname">reason</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.reason" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>服务器返回的原因短语。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.debuglevel">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="sig-name descname">debuglevel</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.debuglevel" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>一个调试钩子。如果 <a class="reference internal" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.debuglevel" title="http.client.HTTPResponse.debuglevel"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">debuglevel</span></code></a> 大于零，状态信息将在读取和解析响应数据时打印输出到 stdout。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="attribute">
|
||
<dt id="http.client.HTTPResponse.closed">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">HTTPResponse.</code><code class="sig-name descname">closed</code><a class="headerlink" href="#http.client.HTTPResponse.closed" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果流被关闭，则为``True``。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="examples">
|
||
<h2>例子<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>下面是使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GET</span></code> 方法的会话示例：</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">http.client</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPSConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"www.python.org"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"GET"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getresponse</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">r1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reason</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">200 OK</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">r1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># This will return entire content.</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># The following example demonstrates reading data in chunks.</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"GET"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getresponse</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">chunk</span> <span class="o">:=</span> <span class="n">r1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">chunk</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="go">b'<!doctype html>\n<!--[if"...</span>
|
||
<span class="go">...</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Example of an invalid request</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPSConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"docs.python.org"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"GET"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"/parrot.spam"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getresponse</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">r2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reason</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">404 Not Found</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">r2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>以下是使用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HEAD</span></code> 方法的会话示例。 请注意，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HEAD</span></code> 方法从不返回任何数据。</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">http.client</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPSConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"www.python.org"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"HEAD"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getresponse</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reason</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">200 OK</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="go">0</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">''</span>
|
||
<span class="go">True</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>下面是用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">POST</span></code> 发送请求的会话示例：</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">http.client</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">urllib.parse</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">urllib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">urlencode</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s1">'@number'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">12524</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'@type'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'issue'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'@action'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'show'</span><span class="p">})</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"Content-type"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="s2">"Accept"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"text/plain"</span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"bugs.python.org"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"POST"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">""</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">params</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getresponse</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reason</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">302 Found</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">data</span>
|
||
<span class="go">b'Redirecting to <a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue12524">http://bugs.python.org/issue12524</a>'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>在客户端， <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTP</span> <span class="pre">PUT</span></code> 请求与 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">POST</span></code> 请求非常相似。区别只在于服务器端，HTTP 服务器将允许通过 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PUT</span></code> 请求创建资源。应该注意的是，自定义的 HTTP 方法也可以在 <a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#urllib.request.Request" title="urllib.request.Request"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request.Request</span></code></a> 中通过设置适当的方法属性来进行处理。下面是一个会话示例，演示了如何利用 http.client 发送 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PUT</span></code> 请求。</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># This creates an HTTP message</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># with the content of BODY as the enclosed representation</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># for the resource http://localhost:8080/file</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">...</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">http.client</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">BODY</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"***filecontents***"</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"localhost"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8080</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"PUT"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"/file"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">BODY</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getresponse</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reason</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">200, OK</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="httpmessage-objects">
|
||
<span id="id3"></span><h2>HTTPMessage 对象<a class="headerlink" href="#httpmessage-objects" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client.HTTPMessage</span></code> 的实例存有 HTTP 响应的头部信息。利用 <a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message.Message</span></code></a> 类实现。</p>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client</span></code> --- HTTP 协议客户端</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#httpconnection-objects">HTTPConnection 对象</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#httpresponse-objects">HTTPResponse 对象</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">例子</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#httpmessage-objects">HTTPMessage 对象</a></li>
|
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最后更新于 12月 09, 2024.
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