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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code> —— Tcl/Tk 的 Python 接口</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter-modules">Tkinter 模块</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter-life-preserver">Tkinter 拾遗</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-use-this-section">本节内容的用法</a></li>
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<section id="module-tkinter">
<span id="tkinter-python-interface-to-tcl-tk"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> —— Tcl/Tk 的 Python 接口<a class="headerlink" href="#module-tkinter" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h1>
<p><strong>源代码:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/tkinter/__init__.py">Lib/tkinter/__init__.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> package (&quot;Tk interface&quot;) is the standard Python interface to
the Tk GUI toolkit. Both Tk and <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> are available on most Unix
platforms, as well as on Windows systems. (Tk itself is not part of Python; it
is maintained at ActiveState.)</p>
<p>若在命令行执行 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">tkinter</span></code>，应会弹出一个简单的 Tk 界面窗口， 表明 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 包已安装完成，还会显示当前安装的 Tcl/Tk 版本，以便阅读对应版本的 Tcl/Tk 文档。</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
<p>Tkinter文档：</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/TkInter">Python Tkinter 资源</a></dt><dd><p>The Python Tkinter Topic Guide 提供了在 Python 中使用 Tk 的很多信息， 同时包含了Tk其他信息的链接。</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.tkdocs.com/">TKDocs</a></dt><dd><p>大量的教程，部分可视化组件的介绍说明。</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.tkdocs.com/shipman/">Tkinter 8.5 参考手册：一种 Python GUI</a></dt><dd><p>在线参考资料。</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://effbot.org/tkinterbook/">Tkinter docs from effbot</a></dt><dd><p>effbot.org 提供的 tkinter 在线参考资料。</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://learning-python.com/about-pp4e.html">使用 Python 编程</a></dt><dd><p>由 Mark Lutz 所著的书籍，对 Tkinter 进行了完美的介绍。</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.amazon.com/Modern-Tkinter-Python-Developers-ebook/dp/B0071QDNLO/">为繁忙的 Python 开发者所准备的现代 Tkinter</a></dt><dd><p>由 Mark Rozerman 所著的关于如何使用 Python 和 Tkinter 来搭建有吸引力的和现代化的图形用户界面的书籍</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.manning.com/books/python-and-tkinter-programming">Python 和 Tkinter 编程</a></dt><dd><p>作者： John Grayson (ISBN 1-884777-81-3).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Tcl/Tk 文档:</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TkCmd/contents.htm">Tk 命令</a></dt><dd><p>多数命令以 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 或者 <a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.ttk.html#module-tkinter.ttk" title="tkinter.ttk: Tk themed widget set"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.ttk</span></code></a> 类的形式存在。改变 '8.6' 以匹配所安装的 Tcl/Tk 版本。</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.tcl.tk/doc/">Tcl/Tk 最新手册页面</a></dt><dd><p>www.tcl.tk 上面最新的 Tcl/Tk 手册。</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://tcl.tk">ActiveState Tcl 主页</a></dt><dd><p>Tk/Tcl 的多数开发工作发生在 ActiveState 。</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/020163337X">Tcl 及 Tk 工具集</a></dt><dd><p>由 Tcl 发明者 John Ousterhout 所著的书籍。</p>
</dd>
<dt>` Tcl 和 Tk 编程实战 &lt;<a class="reference external" href="http://www.beedub.com/book/">http://www.beedub.com/book/</a>&gt;`_</dt><dd><p>Brent Welch 所著的百科全局式书籍。</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<section id="tkinter-modules">
<h2>Tkinter 模块<a class="headerlink" href="#tkinter-modules" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p>在大多数时候你只需要 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 就足够了，但也有一些额外的模块可供使用。Tk 接口位于一个名字 <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_tkinter</span></code> 的二进制模块当中。此模块包含了低层级的 Tk 接口，它不应该被应用程序员所直接使用。它通常是一个共享库（或 DLL），但在某些情况下也可能被静态链接到 Python 解释器。</p>
<p>除了Tk接口， <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 也包含了若干 Python 模块，<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.constants</span></code> 是其中最重要的。导入 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 会自动导入 <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.constants</span></code> ，所以，要使用 Tkinter 通常你只需要一条简单的 import 语句:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tkinter</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>或者更常用的:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">tkinter</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="tkinter.Tk">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">tkinter.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Tk</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">screenName=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">baseName=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">className='Tk'</em>, <em class="sig-param">useTk=1</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tkinter.Tk" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter.Tk" title="tkinter.Tk"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tk</span></code></a> 类被初始化时无参数。此时会创建一个 Tk 顶级控件，通常是应用程序的主窗口。每个实例都有自己关联的 Tcl 解释器。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="tkinter.Tcl">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tkinter.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Tcl</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">screenName=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">baseName=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">className='Tk'</em>, <em class="sig-param">useTk=0</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tkinter.Tcl" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter.Tcl" title="tkinter.Tcl"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tcl()</span></code></a> 函数是一个工厂函数，它创建的对象类似于 <a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter.Tk" title="tkinter.Tk"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tk</span></code></a> 类创建的，只是不会初始化 Tk 子系统。这在调动 Tcl 解释器时最为有用，这时不想创建多余的顶层窗口，或者无法创建（比如不带 X 服务的 Unix/Linux 系统）。由 <a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter.Tcl" title="tkinter.Tcl"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tcl()</span></code></a> 创建的对象可调用 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loadtk()</span></code> 方法创建一个顶层窗口（且会初始化 Tk 子系统）。</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>提供Tk支持的其他模块包括：</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.scrolledtext.html#module-tkinter.scrolledtext" title="tkinter.scrolledtext: Text widget with a vertical scroll bar. (Tk)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.scrolledtext</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>内置纵向滚动条的文本组件。</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.colorchooser</span></code></dt><dd><p>让用户选择颜色的对话框。</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.commondialog</span></code></dt><dd><p>本文其他模块定义的对话框的基类。</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.filedialog</span></code></dt><dd><p>允许用户指定文件的通用对话框，用于打开或保存文件。</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.font</span></code></dt><dd><p>帮助操作字体的工具。</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.messagebox</span></code></dt><dd><p>访问标准的 Tk 对话框。</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.simpledialog</span></code></dt><dd><p>基础对话框和一些便捷功能。</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.dnd</span></code></dt><dd><p>为 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 提供拖放支持。这是实验性功能，当被 Tk DND 取代时应被废弃。</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="turtle.html#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Tk 窗口中的海龟绘图库。</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="tkinter-life-preserver">
<h2>Tkinter 拾遗<a class="headerlink" href="#tkinter-life-preserver" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p>本节不应作为 Tk 或 Tkinter 的详尽教程。而只是一个补充，提供一些系统指南。</p>
<p>致谢：</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Tk 是 John Ousterhout 在伯克利大学时写的。</p></li>
<li><p>Tkinter 是由 Steen Lumholt 和 Guido van Rossum 编写的。</p></li>
<li><p>本拾遗由弗吉尼亚大学的 Matt Conway 撰写。</p></li>
<li><p>HTML 渲染和一些自由编辑功能，是由 Ken Manheimer 根据 FrameMaker 创建的。</p></li>
<li><p>Fredrik Lundh 认真研究并修改了类的接口描述，使其与 Tk 4.2 保持一致。</p></li>
<li><p>Mike Clarkson 将文档转换为 LaTeX 格式，并编写了参考手册的用户界面章节。</p></li>
</ul>
<section id="how-to-use-this-section">
<h3>本节内容的用法<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-use-this-section" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>本节分为两部分：前半部分（大致）涵盖了背景材料，后半部分可以作为手头的参考手册。</p>
<p>当试图回答“如何才能怎么怎么”这种问题时，通常最好是弄清楚如何直接在 Tk 中实现，然后转换回相应的 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 调用。Python 程序员通常可查看 Tk 文档来猜测正确的 Python 命令。这意味着要用好 Tkinter，必须对 Tk 有一定的了解。本文无法完成这个任务，所以最好的做法就是给出目前最好的文档。下面给出一些小提示：</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>作者强烈建议用户先拿到一份 Tk 手册。具体来说，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">manN</span></code> 目录下的 man 文档是最有用的。<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">man3</span></code> 的 man 文档描述了 Tk 库的 C 接口，因此对脚本编写人员没有什么特别的帮助。</p></li>
<li><p>Addison-Wesley 出版了一本名为《Tcl 和 Tk 工具包》的书，作者是 John Ousterhout（ISBN 0-201-63337-X），对于新手来说，这是一本很好的 Tcl 和Tk 介绍书籍。该书不算详尽，很多细节还是要看 man 手册。</p></li>
<li><p>对大多数人而言，<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter/__init__.py</span></code> 是最后一招，但其他手段都无效时也不失为一个好去处。</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="a-simple-hello-world-program">
<h3>简单的 Hello World 程序<a class="headerlink" href="#a-simple-hello-world-program" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tkinter</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">tk</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Application</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Frame</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">master</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">master</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">master</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_widgets</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create_widgets</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hi_there</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hi_there</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Hello World</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">(click me)&quot;</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hi_there</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;command&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">say_hi</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hi_there</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;top&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">quit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;QUIT&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;red&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">master</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">destroy</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">quit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;bottom&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">say_hi</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;hi there, everyone!&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">root</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tk</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Application</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">master</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mainloop</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="a-very-quick-look-at-tcl-tk">
<h2>Tcl/Tk 速览<a class="headerlink" href="#a-very-quick-look-at-tcl-tk" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p>类的层次结构看起来很复杂，但在实际操作中，应用程序编写人员几乎总是查看最底层的类。</p>
<p>注释：</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>提供这些类，是为了能在同一个命名空间下将某些功能组织在一起。并不意味着可以独立对其进行实例化。</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter.Tk" title="tkinter.Tk"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tk</span></code></a> 类在同一个应用程序中仅需作一次实例化。应用程序编程人员不需要显式进行实例化，只要有其他任何类被实例化，系统就会创建一个。</p></li>
<li><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Widget</span></code> 类不是用来实例化的，它仅用于继承以便生成“真正”的部件（ C++ 中称为“抽象类”）。</p></li>
</ul>
<p>若要充分利用这些参考资料，有时需要知道如何阅读 Tk 的短文，以及如何识别 Tk 命令的各个部分。（参见 <a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter-basic-mapping"><span class="std std-ref">将简单的 Tk 映射到 Tkinter</span></a> 一节，了解以下内容在 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 中的对应部分）。</p>
<p>Tk 脚本就是 Tcl 程序。像所有其他的 Tcl 程序一样，Tk 脚本只是由空格分隔的单词列表。一个Tk 部件只是它的 <em>class</em>，<em>options</em> 用于进行配置，<em>actions</em> 让它执行有用的动作。</p>
<p>要在 Tk 中制作一个部件，总是采用如下格式的命令：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">classCommand</span> <span class="n">newPathname</span> <span class="n">options</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><em>classCommand</em></dt><dd><p>表示要制作何种部件（按钮、标签、菜单......）。</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="simple" id="index-0">
<dt><em>newPathname</em></dt><dd><p>该组件的新名字。Tk 中的所有名字都必须唯一。为了帮助实现这一点，Tk 中的部件都用 <em>路径</em> 命名，就像文件系统中的文件一样。顶层的部件，即 <em>根</em>，名为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.``（句点），而子部件则由更多的句点分隔。比如部件名可能会是</span> <span class="pre">``.myApp.controlPanel.okButton</span></code> 。</p>
</dd>
<dt><em>options</em></dt><dd><p>配置部件的外观，有时也能配置行为。这些选项以标志和值的列表形式出现。标志前带一个“-”，就像 Unix shell 命令的标志一样，如果值超过一个单词，就用引号括起来。</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>例如：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">button</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fred</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">fg</span> <span class="n">red</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="s2">&quot;hi there&quot;</span>
<span class="o">^</span> <span class="o">^</span> \<span class="n">______________________</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">|</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">new</span> <span class="n">options</span>
<span class="n">command</span> <span class="n">widget</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">opt</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">opt</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>一旦创建成功，部件的路径名就成了一条新的命令。这个新的 <em>部件命令</em> 是程序员让新部件执行某些 <em>action</em> 的句柄。在 C 语言中可表示为someAction(fred, someOptions)，在 C++ 中可表示为fred.someAction(someOptions)，而在 Tk 中写作：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fred</span> <span class="n">someAction</span> <span class="n">someOptions</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>请注意，对象名 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.fred</span></code> 是以句点开头的。</p>
<p>如您所料，<em>someAction</em> 的可用值取决于部件的类别。如果 fred 为按钮，则 <cite>.fred disable</cite> 有效（fred 会变灰），而当 fred 为标签时则无效（Tk 不支持标签的禁用）。</p>
<p><em>someOptions</em> 的合法值取决于动作。有些动作不需要参数，比如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">disable</span></code>，其他动作如文本输入框的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delete</span></code> 命令则需用参数指定要删除的文本范围。</p>
</section>
<section id="mapping-basic-tk-into-tkinter">
<span id="tkinter-basic-mapping"></span><h2>将简单的 Tk 映射到 Tkinter<a class="headerlink" href="#mapping-basic-tk-into-tkinter" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p>Tk 中的类命令对应于 Tkinter 中的类构造函数：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">button</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fred</span> <span class="o">=====&gt;</span> <span class="n">fred</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>父对象是隐含在创建时给定的新名字中的。在 Tkinter 中，父对象是显式指定的：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">button</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">panel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fred</span> <span class="o">=====&gt;</span> <span class="n">fred</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">panel</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Tk 中的配置项是以连字符标签列表的形式给出的，后跟着参数值。在 Tkinter 中，选项指定为实例构造函数中的关键字参数，在配置调用时指定为关键字 args，或在已有实例中指定为实例索引，以字典的形式。参见 <a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter-setting-options"><span class="std std-ref">可选配置项</span></a> 一节的选项设置部分。</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">button</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fred</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">fg</span> <span class="n">red</span> <span class="o">=====&gt;</span> <span class="n">fred</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">panel</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;red&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fred</span> <span class="n">configure</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">fg</span> <span class="n">red</span> <span class="o">=====&gt;</span> <span class="n">fred</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;fg&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">red</span>
<span class="n">OR</span> <span class="o">==&gt;</span> <span class="n">fred</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;red&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>在 Tk 中, 要在某个部件上执行动作, 要用部件名作为命令, 并后面附上动作名称, 可能还会带有参数（option）。在 Tkinter 中，则调用类实例的方法来执行部件的动作。部件能够执行的动作（方法）列在 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter/__init__.py</span></code> 中。</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fred</span> <span class="n">invoke</span> <span class="o">=====&gt;</span> <span class="n">fred</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">invoke</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>若要将部件交给打包器（geometry manager），需带上可选参数去调用 pack。在 Tkinter 中，Pack 类拥有全部这些功能，pack 命令的各种形式都以方法的形式实现。 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 中的所有部件都是从 Packer 继承而来的，因此继承了所有打包方法。关于Form geometry manager 的更多信息，请参见 <a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.tix.html#module-tkinter.tix" title="tkinter.tix: Tk Extension Widgets for Tkinter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.tix</span></code></a> 模块的文档。</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">pack</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fred</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">side</span> <span class="n">left</span> <span class="o">=====&gt;</span> <span class="n">fred</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;left&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="how-tk-and-tkinter-are-related">
<h2>Tk 和 Tkinter 如何关联<a class="headerlink" href="#how-tk-and-tkinter-are-related" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p>自上而下：</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt>（Python）应用程序位于这里</dt><dd><p>Python 应用程序进行了 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 调用。</p>
</dd>
<dt>tkinter （Python 包）</dt><dd><p>此调用（比如创建一个按钮部件）在 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 包中实现，它是用 Python 编写的。该 Python 函数将解析命令和参数，并转换为貌似 Tk 脚本的格式，而不像是 Python 脚本。</p>
</dd>
<dt>_tkinter（C 语言）</dt><dd><p>这些命令及参数将被传给 <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_tkinter</span></code> 扩展模块中的 C 函数——注意下划线。</p>
</dd>
<dt>Tk 部件（C 和 Tcl）</dt><dd><p>该 C 函数能调用其他的 C 模块，包括构成 Tk 库的 C 函数。Tk 是用 C 和一些 Tcl 实现的。Tk 部件的 Tcl 部分用于将某些默认行为绑定到部件上，并在导入 Python <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 包时执行一次。（该阶段对用户而言永不可见）。</p>
</dd>
<dt>Tk（C 语言）</dt><dd><p>Tk 部件的 Tk 语言部分实现了最终的映射</p>
</dd>
<dt>Xlib（C 语言）</dt><dd><p>Xlib 库在屏幕上绘制图形。</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="handy-reference">
<h2>快速参考<a class="headerlink" href="#handy-reference" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<section id="setting-options">
<span id="tkinter-setting-options"></span><h3>可选配置项<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-options" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>配置参数可以控制组件颜色和边框宽度等。可通过三种方式进行设置：</p>
<dl>
<dt>在对象创建时，使用关键字参数</dt><dd><div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fred</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;red&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;blue&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>在对象创建后，将参数名用作字典索引</dt><dd><div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fred</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;fg&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;red&quot;</span>
<span class="n">fred</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;bg&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;blue&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>利用 config() 方法修改对象的多个属性</dt><dd><div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fred</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;red&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;blue&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>关于这些参数及其表现的完整解释，请参阅 Tk 手册中有关组件的 man 帮助页。</p>
<p>请注意，man 手册页列出了每个部件的“标准选项”和“组件特有选项”。前者是很多组件通用的选项列表，后者是该组件特有的选项。标准选项在 <em class="manpage"><a class="manpage reference external" href="https://manpages.debian.org/options(3)">options(3)</a></em> man 手册中有文档。</p>
<p>本文没有区分标准选项和部件特有选项。有些选项不适用于某类组件。组件是否对某选项做出响应，取决于组件的类别；按钮组件有一个 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">command</span></code> 选项，而标签组件就没有。</p>
<p>组件支持的选项在其手册中有列出，也可在运行时调用 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">config()</span></code> 方法（不带参数）查看，或者通过调用组件的 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keys()</span></code> 方法进行查询。这些调用的返回值为字典，字典的键是字符串格式的选项名（比如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'relief'</span></code>），字典的值为五元组。</p>
<p>有些选项，比如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bg</span></code> 是全名通用选项的同义词（<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bg</span></code> 是 “background”的简写）。向 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">config()</span></code> 方法传入选项的简称将返回一个二元组，而不是五元组。传回的二元组将包含同义词的全名和“真正的”选项（比如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">('bg',</span> <span class="pre">'background')</span></code>）。</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 61%" />
<col style="width: 26%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>索引</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>含意</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>示例</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>0</p></td>
<td><p>选项名称</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'relief'</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>数据库查找的选项名称</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'relief'</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>数据库查找的选项类</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'Relief'</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>默认值</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'raised'</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>当前值</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'groove'</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>示例:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fred</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="go">{&#39;relief&#39;: (&#39;relief&#39;, &#39;relief&#39;, &#39;Relief&#39;, &#39;raised&#39;, &#39;groove&#39;)}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>当然，输出的字典将包含所有可用选项及其值。这里只是举个例子。</p>
</section>
<section id="the-packer">
<h3>包装器<a class="headerlink" href="#the-packer" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p id="index-1">包装器是 Tk 的形状管理机制之一。 形状（geometry ）管理器用于指定多个部件在容器（共同的 <em>主</em> 组件）内的相对位置。与更为麻烦的 <em>定位器</em> 相比（不太常用，这里不做介绍），包装器可接受定性的相对关系—— <em>上面</em> 、<em>左边</em> 、<em>填充</em> 等，并确定精确的位置坐标。</p>
<p><em>主</em> 部件的大小都由其内部的 “从属部件” 的大小决定。包装器用于控制从属部件在主部件中出现的位置。可以把部件包入框架，再把框架包入其他框架中，搭建出所需的布局。此外，只要完成了包装，组件的布局就会进行动态调整，以适应布局参数的变化。</p>
<p>请注意，只有用形状管理器指定几何形状后，部件才会显示出来。忘记设置形状参数是新手常犯的错误，惊讶于创建完部件却啥都没出现。部件只有在应用了类似于打包器的 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pack()</span></code> 方法之后才会显示在屏幕上。</p>
<p>调用 pack() 方法时可以给出由关键字/参数值组成的键值对，以便控制组件在其容器中出现的位置，以及主程序窗口大小变动时的行为。下面是一些例子：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fred</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># defaults to side = &quot;top&quot;</span>
<span class="n">fred</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;left&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fred</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expand</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="packer-options">
<h3>包装器的参数<a class="headerlink" href="#packer-options" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>关于包装器及其可接受的参数，更多信息请参阅 man 手册和 John Ousterhout 书中的第 183 页。</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt>anchor</dt><dd><p>anchor 类型。 表示包装器要放置的每个从属组件的位置。</p>
</dd>
<dt>expand</dt><dd><p>布尔型，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> 。</p>
</dd>
<dt>fill</dt><dd><p>合法值为：<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'x'</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'y'</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'both'</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'none'</span></code>。</p>
</dd>
<dt>ipadx 和 ipady</dt><dd><p>距离值，指定从属部件的内边距。</p>
</dd>
<dt>padx 和 pady</dt><dd><p>距离值，指定从属部件的外边距。</p>
</dd>
<dt>side</dt><dd><p>合法值为：<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'left'</span></code>、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'right'</span></code> 、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'top'</span></code>、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'bottom'</span></code>。</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="coupling-widget-variables">
<h3>部件与变量的关联<a class="headerlink" href="#coupling-widget-variables" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>通过一些特定参数，某些组件（如文本输入组件）的当前设置可直接与应用程序的变量关联。这些参数包括 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">variable</span></code> 、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">textvariable</span></code> 、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onvalue</span></code> 、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">offvalue</span></code> 、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code>。这种关联是双向的：只要这些变量因任何原因发生变化，其关联的部件就会更新以反映新的参数值。</p>
<p>不幸的是，在目前 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 的实现代码中，不可能通过 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">variable</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">textvariable</span></code> 参数将任意 Python 变量移交给组件。变量只有是 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 中定义的 Variable 类的子类，才能生效。</p>
<p>已经定义了很多有用的 Variable 子类： <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StringVar</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IntVar</span></code> 、<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DoubleVar</span></code> 和 <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BooleanVar</span></code>。调用 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get()</span></code> 方法可以读取这些变量的当前值；调用 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set()</span></code> 方法则可改变变量值。只要遵循这种用法，组件就会保持跟踪变量的值，而不需要更多的干预。</p>
<p>例如：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tkinter</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">tk</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">App</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Frame</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">master</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">entrythingy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Entry</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">entrythingy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># Create the application variable.</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">contents</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">StringVar</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># Set it to some value.</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">contents</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;this is a variable&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Tell the entry widget to watch this variable.</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">entrythingy</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;textvariable&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">contents</span>
<span class="c1"># Define a callback for when the user hits return.</span>
<span class="c1"># It prints the current value of the variable.</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">entrythingy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;Key-Return&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_contents</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">print_contents</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Hi. The current entry content is:&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">contents</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">root</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tk</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">myapp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">App</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">myapp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mainloop</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="the-window-manager">
<h3>窗口管理器<a class="headerlink" href="#the-window-manager" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p id="index-2">Tk 有个实用命令 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wm</span></code>，用于与窗口管理器进行交互。<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wm</span></code> 命令的参数可用于控制标题、位置、图标之类的东西。在 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 中，这些命令已被实现为 <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Wm</span></code> 类的方法。顶层部件是 <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Wm</span></code> 类的子类，所以可以直接调用 <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Wm</span></code> 的这些方法。</p>
<p>要获得指定部件所在的顶层窗口，通常只要引用该部件的主窗口即可。当然，如果该部件是包装在框架内的，那么主窗口不代表就是顶层窗口。为了获得任意组件所在的顶层窗口，可以调用 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_root()</span></code> 方法。该方法以下划线开头，表明其为 Python 实现的代码，而非 Tk 提供的某个接口。</p>
<p>以下是一些典型用法：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tkinter</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">tk</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">App</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Frame</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">master</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># create the application</span>
<span class="n">myapp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">App</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># here are method calls to the window manager class</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="n">myapp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">master</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;My Do-Nothing Application&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">myapp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">master</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">maxsize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">400</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># start the program</span>
<span class="n">myapp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mainloop</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="tk-option-data-types">
<h3>Tk 参数的数据类型<a class="headerlink" href="#tk-option-data-types" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<dl id="index-3">
<dt>anchor</dt><dd><p>合法值是罗盘的方位点：<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;n&quot;</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;ne&quot;</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;e&quot;</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;se&quot;</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;s&quot;</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;sw&quot;</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;w&quot;</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;nw&quot;</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;center&quot;</span></code> 。</p>
</dd>
<dt>bitmap</dt><dd><p>内置已命名的位图有八个：<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'error'</span></code>、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'gray25'</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'gray50'</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'hourglass'</span></code>、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'info'</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'questhead'</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'question'</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'warning'</span></code> 。若要指定位图的文件名，请给出完整路径，前面加一个 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&#64;</span></code>，比如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;&#64;/usr/contrib/bitmap/gumby.bit&quot;</span></code>。</p>
</dd>
<dt>boolean</dt><dd><p>可以传入整数 0 或 1，或是字符串 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;yes&quot;</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;no&quot;</span></code>。</p>
</dd>
<dt>callback -- 回调</dt><dd><p>指任何无需调用参数的 Python 函数。 例如：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">print_it</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;hi there&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fred</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;command&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">print_it</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>color</dt><dd><p>可在 rgb.txt 文件中以颜色名的形式给出，或是 RGB 字符串的形式，4 位 ：<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;#RGB&quot;</span></code> ，8 位 ：<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;#RRGGBB&quot;</span></code>，12 位：<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;#RRRGGGBBB&quot;</span></code>，16 位：<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;#RRRRGGGGBBBB&quot;</span></code>，其中R、G、B 为合法的十六进制数值。 详见 Ousterhout 书中的第 160 页。</p>
</dd>
<dt>cursor</dt><dd><p>可采用 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cursorfont.h</span></code> 中的标准光标名称，去掉 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">XC_</span></code> 前缀。 比如要获取一个手形光标（<code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">XC_hand2</span></code>），可以用字符串 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;hand2&quot;</span></code>。也可以指定自己的位图和掩码文件作为光标。参见 Ousterhout 书中的第 179 页。</p>
</dd>
<dt>distance</dt><dd><p>屏幕距离可以用像素或绝对距离来指定。像素是数字，绝对距离是字符串，后面的字符表示单位：<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c</span></code> 是厘米，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code> 是英寸，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m</span></code> 是毫米，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p</span></code> 则表示打印机的点数。例如，3.5 英寸可表示为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;3.5i&quot;</span></code>。</p>
</dd>
<dt>font</dt><dd><p>Tk 采用一串名称的格式表示字体，例如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{courier</span> <span class="pre">10</span> <span class="pre">bold}</span></code>。正数的字体大小以点为单位，负数的大小以像素为单位。</p>
</dd>
<dt>geometry</dt><dd><p>这是一个 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">widthxheight</span></code> 形式的字符串，其中宽度和高度对于大多数部件来说是以像素为单位的（对于显示文本的部件来说是以字符为单位的）。例如：fred[&quot;geometry&quot;] = &quot;200x100&quot;。</p>
</dd>
<dt>justify</dt><dd><p>合法的值为字符串： <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;left&quot;</span></code> 、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;center&quot;</span></code> 、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;right&quot;</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;fill&quot;</span></code> 。</p>
</dd>
<dt>区域</dt><dd><p>这是包含四个元素的字符串，以空格分隔，每个元素是表示一个合法的距离值（见上文）。例如：<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;2</span> <span class="pre">3</span> <span class="pre">4</span> <span class="pre">5&quot;</span></code> 、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;3i</span> <span class="pre">2i</span> <span class="pre">4.5i</span> <span class="pre">2i&quot;</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;3c</span> <span class="pre">2c</span> <span class="pre">4c</span> <span class="pre">10.43c&quot;</span></code> 都是合法的区域值。</p>
</dd>
<dt>relief</dt><dd><p>决定了组件的边框样式。 合法值包括：<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;raised&quot;</span></code>、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;sunken&quot;</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;flat&quot;</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;groove&quot;</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;ridge&quot;</span></code> 。</p>
</dd>
<dt>scrollcommand</dt><dd><p>这几乎就是带滚动条部件的 <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set()</span></code> 方法，但也可是任一只有一个参数的部件方法。</p>
</dd>
<dt>wrap:</dt><dd><p>只能是以下值之一：<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;none&quot;</span></code> 、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;char&quot;</span></code> 、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;word&quot;</span></code>。</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="bindings-and-events">
<h3>绑定和事件<a class="headerlink" href="#bindings-and-events" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p id="index-4">部件命令中的 bind 方法可觉察某些事件，并在事件发生时触发一个回调函数。bind 方法的形式是：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">add</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>其中：</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt>sequence</dt><dd><p>是一个表示事件的目标种类的字符串。（详情请看 bind 的手册页和 John Outsterhout 的书的第 201 页。）</p>
</dd>
<dt>func</dt><dd><p>是带有一个参数的 Python 函数，发生事件时将会调用。传入的参数为一个 Event 实例。（以这种方式部署的函数通常称为 <em>回调函数</em>。）</p>
</dd>
<dt>add</dt><dd><p>可选项， <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'+'</span></code> 。传入空字符串表示本次绑定将替换与此事件关联的其他所有绑定。传递 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'+'</span></code> 则意味着加入此事件类型已绑定函数的列表中。</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>例如：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">turn_red</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">widget</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;activeforeground&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;red&quot;</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">button</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;Enter&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">turn_red</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>请注意，在 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turn_red()</span></code> 回调函数中如何访问事件的 widget 字段。该字段包含了捕获 X 事件的控件。下表列出了事件可供访问的其他字段，及其在 Tk 中的表示方式，这在查看 Tk 手册时很有用处。</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 42%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 42%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Tk</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Tkinter 事件字段</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Tk</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Tkinter 事件字段</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>%f</p></td>
<td><p>focus</p></td>
<td><p>%A</p></td>
<td><p>char</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>%h</p></td>
<td><p>height</p></td>
<td><p>%E</p></td>
<td><p>send_event</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>%k</p></td>
<td><p>keycode</p></td>
<td><p>%K</p></td>
<td><p>keysym</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>%s</p></td>
<td><p>state</p></td>
<td><p>%N</p></td>
<td><p>keysym_num</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>%t</p></td>
<td><p>time</p></td>
<td><p>%T</p></td>
<td><p>type</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>%w</p></td>
<td><p>width</p></td>
<td><p>%W</p></td>
<td><p>widget</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>%x</p></td>
<td><p>x</p></td>
<td><p>%X</p></td>
<td><p>x_root</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>%y</p></td>
<td><p>y</p></td>
<td><p>%Y</p></td>
<td><p>y_root</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="the-index-parameter">
<h3>index 参数<a class="headerlink" href="#the-index-parameter" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>很多控件都需要传入 index 参数。该参数用于指明 Text 控件中的位置，或指明 Entry 控件中的字符，或指明 Menu 控件中的菜单项。</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt>Entry 控件的索引（index、view index 等）</dt><dd><p>Entry 控件带有索引属性，指向显示文本中的字符位置。这些 <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a> 函数可用于访问文本控件中的这些特定位置：</p>
</dd>
<dt>Text 控件的索引</dt><dd><p>Text 控件的索引语法非常复杂，最好还是在 Tk 手册中查看。</p>
</dd>
<dt>Menu 索引（menu.invoke()、menu.entryconfig() 等）</dt><dd><p>菜单的某些属性和方法可以操纵特定的菜单项。只要属性或参数需要用到菜单索引，就可用以下方式传入：</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>一个整数，指的是菜单项的数字位置，从顶部开始计数，从 0 开始；</p></li>
<li><p>字符串 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;active&quot;</span></code>，指的是当前光标所在的菜单；</p></li>
<li><p>字符串 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;last&quot;</span></code>，指的是上一个菜单项；</p></li>
<li><p>带有 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&#64;</span></code> 前缀的整数，比如 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&#64;6</span></code>，这里的整数解释为菜单坐标系中的 y 像素坐标；</p></li>
<li><p>表示没有任何菜单条目的字符串 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;none&quot;</span></code> 经常与 menu.activate() 一同被用来停用所有条目，以及 ——</p></li>
<li><p>与菜单项的文本标签进行模式匹配的文本串，从菜单顶部扫描到底部。请注意，此索引类型是在其他所有索引类型之后才会考虑的，这意味着文本标签为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">last</span></code>、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">active</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">none</span></code> 的菜单项匹配成功后，可能会视为这些单词文字本身。</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="images">
<h3>图片<a class="headerlink" href="#images" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<p>通过 <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.Image</span></code> 的各种子类可以创建相应格式的图片：</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BitmapImage</span></code> 对应 XBM 格式的图片。</p></li>
<li><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PhotoImage</span></code> 对应 PGM、PPM、GIF 和 PNG 格式的图片。后者自 Tk 8.6 开始支持。</p></li>
</ul>
<p>这两种图片可通过 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">file</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data</span></code> 属性创建的（也可能由其他属性创建）。</p>
<p>然后可在某些支持 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">image</span></code> 属性的控件中（如标签、按钮、菜单）使用图片对象。这时，Tk 不会保留对图片对象的引用。当图片对象的最后一个 Python 引用被删除时，图片数据也会删除，并且 Tk 会在用到图片对象的地方显示一个空白框。</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://python-pillow.org/">Pillow</a> 包增加了对 BMP、JPEG、TIFF 和 WebP 等格式的支持。</p>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="file-handlers">
<span id="tkinter-file-handlers"></span><h2>文件处理程序<a class="headerlink" href="#file-handlers" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
<p>Tk 允许为文件操作注册和注销一个回调函数，当对文件描述符进行 I/O 时，Tk 的主循环会调用该回调函数。每个文件描述符只能注册一个处理程序。示例代码如下：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tkinter</span>
<span class="n">widget</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tkinter</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tk</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">mask</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tkinter</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">READABLE</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">tkinter</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">WRITABLE</span>
<span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">createfilehandler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mask</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">callback</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
<span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">deletefilehandler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>在 Windows 系统中不可用。</p>
<p>由于不知道可读取多少字节，你可能不希望使用 <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.BufferedIOBase" title="io.BufferedIOBase"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BufferedIOBase</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.TextIOBase" title="io.TextIOBase"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextIOBase</span></code></a> 的 <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.BufferedIOBase.read" title="io.BufferedIOBase.read"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">read()</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.IOBase.readline" title="io.IOBase.readline"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline()</span></code></a> 方法，因为这些方法必须读取预定数量的字节。 对于套接字，可使用 <a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#socket.socket.recv" title="socket.socket.recv"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recv()</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#socket.socket.recvfrom" title="socket.socket.recvfrom"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recvfrom()</span></code></a> 方法；对于其他文件，可使用原始读取方法或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.read(file.fileno(),</span> <span class="pre">maxbytecount)</span></code>。</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="tkinter.Widget.tk.createfilehandler">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Widget.tk.</code><code class="sig-name descname">createfilehandler</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">file</em>, <em class="sig-param">mask</em>, <em class="sig-param">func</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tkinter.Widget.tk.createfilehandler" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>注册文件处理程序的回调函数 <em>func</em>。 <em>file</em> 参数可以是具备 <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.IOBase.fileno" title="io.IOBase.fileno"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fileno()</span></code></a> 方法的对象（例如文件或套接字对象），也可以是整数文件描述符。 <em>mask</em> 参数是下述三个常量的逻辑“或”组合。回调函数将用以下格式调用：</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">callback</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mask</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="tkinter.Widget.tk.deletefilehandler">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">Widget.tk.</code><code class="sig-name descname">deletefilehandler</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">file</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tkinter.Widget.tk.deletefilehandler" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>注销文件处理函数。</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="tkinter.READABLE">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tkinter.</code><code class="sig-name descname">READABLE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tkinter.READABLE" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dt id="tkinter.WRITABLE">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tkinter.</code><code class="sig-name descname">WRITABLE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tkinter.WRITABLE" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dt id="tkinter.EXCEPTION">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">tkinter.</code><code class="sig-name descname">EXCEPTION</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tkinter.EXCEPTION" title="永久链接至目标"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Constants used in the <em>mask</em> arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>
</section>
</section>
</div>
</div>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">目录</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code> —— Tcl/Tk 的 Python 接口</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter-modules">Tkinter 模块</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter-life-preserver">Tkinter 拾遗</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-use-this-section">本节内容的用法</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-simple-hello-world-program">简单的 Hello World 程序</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-options">可选配置项</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#packer-options">包装器的参数</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#coupling-widget-variables">部件与变量的关联</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-window-manager">窗口管理器</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tk-option-data-types">Tk 参数的数据类型</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bindings-and-events">绑定和事件</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-index-parameter">index 参数</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#images">图片</a></li>
</ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-handlers">文件处理程序</a></li>
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