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<section id="object-protocol">
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<span id="object"></span><h1>对象协议<a class="headerlink" href="#object-protocol" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<dl class="var">
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<dt id="c.Py_NotImplemented">
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<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">Py_NotImplemented</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_NotImplemented" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
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<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NotImplemented</span></code> 单例，用于标记某个操作没有针对给定类型组合的实现。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="macro">
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<dt id="c.Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED">
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<code class="sig-name descname">Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>C 函数内部应正确处理 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_NotImplemented" title="Py_NotImplemented"><code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_NotImplemented</span></code></a> 的返回过程（即增加 NotImplemented 的引用计数并返回之）。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
|
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<dt id="c.PyObject_Print">
|
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int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_Print</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, FILE<em> *fp</em>, int<em> flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Print" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>将对象 <em>o</em> 写入到文件 <em>fp</em>。 出错时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> 。 旗标参数被用于启用特定的输出选项。 目前唯一支持的选项是 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_PRINT_RAW</span></code>；如果给出该选项，则将写入对象的 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str()</span></code></a> 而不是 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#repr" title="repr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code></a>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="c.PyObject_HasAttr">
|
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int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_HasAttr</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *attr_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_HasAttr" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果 <em>o</em> 带有属性 <em>attr_name</em>，则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>，否则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>。这相当于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hasattr(o,</span> <span class="pre">attr_name)</span></code>。 此函数总是成功。</p>
|
||
<p>注意，在调用 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__getattr__" title="object.__getattr__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__getattribute__" title="object.__getattribute__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattribute__()</span></code></a> 方法时发生的异常将被抑制。若要获得错误报告，请换用 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GetAttr" title="PyObject_GetAttr"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GetAttr()</span></code></a> 。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_HasAttrString">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_HasAttrString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, const char<em> *attr_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_HasAttrString" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果 <em>o</em> 带有属性 <em>attr_name</em>，则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>，否则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>。这相当于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hasattr(o,</span> <span class="pre">attr_name)</span></code>。 此函数总是成功。</p>
|
||
<p>注意，在调用 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__getattr__" title="object.__getattr__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattr__()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__getattribute__" title="object.__getattribute__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getattribute__()</span></code></a> 方法并创建一个临时字符串对象时，异常将被抑制。若要获得错误报告，请换用 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_GetAttrString" title="PyObject_GetAttrString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GetAttrString()</span></code></a> 。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_GetAttr">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GetAttr</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *attr_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GetAttr" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>从对象 <em>o</em> 中读取名为 <em>attr_name</em> 的属性。成功返回属性值，失败则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。 这相当于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o.attr_name</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_GetAttrString">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GetAttrString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, const char<em> *attr_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GetAttrString" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>从对象 <em>o</em> 中读取一个名为 <em>attr_name</em> 的属性。成功时返回属性值，失败则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。这相当于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o.attr_name</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_GenericGetAttr">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GenericGetAttr</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GenericGetAttr" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>通用的属性获取函数，用于放入类型对象的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_getattro</span></code> 槽中。它在类的字典中（位于对象的 MRO 中）查找某个描述符，并在对象的 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#object.__dict__" title="object.__dict__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dict__</span></code></a> 中查找某个属性。正如 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#descriptors"><span class="std std-ref">实现描述器</span></a> 所述，数据描述符优先于实例属性，而非数据描述符则不优先。失败则会触发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#AttributeError" title="AttributeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AttributeError</span></code></a> 。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_SetAttr">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_SetAttr</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *attr_name</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *v</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_SetAttr" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>将对象 <em>o</em> 中名为 <em>attr_name</em> 的属性值设为 <em>v</em> 。失败时引发异常并返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>；成功时返 回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> 。这相当于 Python 语句 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o.attr_name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">v</span></code>。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <em>v</em> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>，属性将被删除，但是此功能已被弃用，应改用 <a class="reference internal" href="sequence.html#c.PySequence_DelItem" title="PySequence_DelItem"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PySequence_DelItem()</span></code></a> 。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_SetAttrString">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_SetAttrString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, const char<em> *attr_name</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *v</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_SetAttrString" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>将对象 <em>o</em> 中名为 <em>attr_name</em> 的属性值设为 <em>v</em> 。失败时引发异常并返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>；成功时返 回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> 。这相当于 Python 语句 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o.attr_name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">v</span></code>。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <em>v</em> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>，该属性将被删除，但是此功能已被弃用，应改用 <a class="reference internal" href="sequence.html#c.PySequence_DelItem" title="PySequence_DelItem"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PySequence_DelItem()</span></code></a> 。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_GenericSetAttr">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GenericSetAttr</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *name</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *value</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GenericSetAttr" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>通用的属性设置和删除函数，用于放入类型对象的 <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_setattro" title="PyTypeObject.tp_setattro"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_setattro</span></code></a> 槽。它在类的字典中（位于对象的MRO中）查找数据描述器，如果找到，则将比在实例字典中设置或删除属性优先执行。否则，该属性将在对象的 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#object.__dict__" title="object.__dict__"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dict__</span></code></a> 中设置或删除。如果成功将返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>，否则将引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#AttributeError" title="AttributeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AttributeError</span></code></a> 并返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_DelAttr">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_DelAttr</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *attr_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_DelAttr" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>删除对象 <em>o</em> 中名为 <em>attr_name</em> 的属性。失败时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>。这相当于 Python 语句 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">o.attr_name</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_DelAttrString">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_DelAttrString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, const char<em> *attr_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_DelAttrString" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>删除对象 <em>o</em> 中名为 <em>attr_name</em> 的属性。失败时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>。这相当于 Python 语句 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">o.attr_name</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_GenericGetDict">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GenericGetDict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, void<em> *context</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GenericGetDict" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dict__</span></code> 描述符的获取函数的一种通用实现。必要时会创建该字典。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.3 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_GenericSetDict">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GenericSetDict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *value</em>, void<em> *context</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GenericSetDict" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dict__</span></code> 描述符设置函数的一种通用实现。这里不允许删除该字典。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.3 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_RichCompare">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_RichCompare</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em>, int<em> opid</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_RichCompare" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>用 <em>opid</em> 指定的操作比较 <em>o1</em> 和 <em>o2</em> 的值，必须是 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_LT</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_LE</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_EQ</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_NE</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_GT</span></code> 或 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_GE</span></code> 之一，分别对应于``<<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">、``<=</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">==</span></code> 、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!=</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">></span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>=</span></code>。这相当于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">op</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>，其中 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">op</span></code> 是对应于 <em>opid</em> 的操作符。成功时返回比较值，失败时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_RichCompareBool">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_RichCompareBool</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o1</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o2</em>, int<em> opid</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_RichCompareBool" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>用 <em>opid</em> 指定的操作比较 <em>o1</em> 和 <em>o2</em> 的值，必须是 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_LT</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_LE</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_EQ</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_NE</span></code> 、 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_GT</span></code> 或 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_GE</span></code> 之一，分别对应于 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><=</span></code>、 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">==</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!=</span></code> 、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">></span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>=</span></code>。错误时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>，若结果为 false 则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>，否则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>。这相当于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o1</span> <span class="pre">op</span> <span class="pre">o2</span></code>，其中 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">op</span></code> 是对应于 <em>opid</em> 的操作符。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <em>o1</em> 和 <em>o2</em> 是同一个对象，<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_RichCompareBool" title="PyObject_RichCompareBool"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_RichCompareBool()</span></code></a> 为 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_EQ</span></code> 则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> ，为 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_NE</span></code> 则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_Repr">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_Repr</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Repr" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-0">计算对象 <em>o</em> 的字符串形式。 成功时返回字符串，失败时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。 这相当于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr(o)</span></code>。 由内置函数 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#repr" title="repr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code></a> 调用。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.4 版更改: </span>该函数现在包含一个调试断言，用以确保不会静默地丢弃活动的异常。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_ASCII">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_ASCII</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_ASCII" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-1">与 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Repr" title="PyObject_Repr"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Repr()</span></code></a> 一样，计算对象 <em>o</em> 的字符串形式，但在 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Repr" title="PyObject_Repr"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Repr()</span></code></a> 返回的字符串中用 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\x</span></code>、<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\u</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\U</span></code> 转义非 ASCII 字符。这将生成一个类似于 Python 2 中由 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Repr" title="PyObject_Repr"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Repr()</span></code></a> 返回的字符串。由内置函数 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#ascii" title="ascii"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ascii()</span></code></a> 调用。</p>
|
||
<span class="target" id="index-2"></span></dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_Str">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_Str</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Str" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>计算对象 <em>o</em> 的字符串形式。 成功时返回字符串，失败时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。 这相当于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str(o)</span></code>。由内置函数 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str()</span></code></a> 调用，因此也由 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#print" title="print"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print()</span></code></a> 函数调用。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.4 版更改: </span>该函数现在包含一个调试断言，用以确保不会静默地丢弃活动的异常。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_Bytes">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_Bytes</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Bytes" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-3">计算对象 <em>o</em> 的字节形式。失败时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>，成功时返回一个字节串对象。这相当于 <em>o</em> 不是整数时的 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes(o)</span></code> 。与 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes(o)</span></code> 不同的是，当 <em>o</em> 是整数而不是初始为 0 的字节串对象时，会触发 TypeError。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_IsSubclass">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_IsSubclass</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *derived</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *cls</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_IsSubclass" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果 <em>derived</em> 类与 <em>cls</em> 类相同或为其派生类，则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>，否则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>。 如果出错则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <em>cls</em> 是元组，则会对 <em>cls</em> 进行逐项检测。如果至少有一次检测返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>，结果将为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>，否则将是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>。</p>
|
||
<p>正如 <span class="target" id="index-11"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3119"><strong>PEP 3119</strong></a> 所述，如果 <em>cls</em> 带有 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#class.__subclasscheck__" title="class.__subclasscheck__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__subclasscheck__()</span></code></a> 方法，将会被调用以确定子类的状态。 否则，如果 <em>derived</em> 是个直接或间接子类，即包含在 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cls.__mro__</span></code> 中，那么它就是 <em>cls</em> 的一个子类。</p>
|
||
<p>通常只有类对象才会被视为类，即 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#type" title="type"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type</span></code></a> 或派生类的实例。然而，对象可以通过拥有 <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__bases__</span></code> 属性（必须是基类的元组）来覆盖这一点。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_IsInstance">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_IsInstance</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *inst</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *cls</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_IsInstance" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果 <em>inst</em> 是 <em>cls</em> 类或其子类的实例，则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>，如果不是则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>。 如果出错则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> 并设置一个异常。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <em>cls</em> 是元组，则会对 <em>cls</em> 进行逐项检测。如果至少有一次检测返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>，结果将为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>，否则将是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>。</p>
|
||
<p>正如 <span class="target" id="index-12"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3119"><strong>PEP 3119</strong></a> 所述，如果 <em>cls</em> 带有 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#class.__subclasscheck__" title="class.__subclasscheck__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__subclasscheck__()</span></code></a> 方法，将会被调用以确定子类的状态。 否则，如果 <em>derived</em> 是 <em>cls</em> 的子类，那么它就是 <em>cls</em> 的一个实例。</p>
|
||
<p>实例 <em>inst</em> 可以通过 <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__class__</span></code> 属性来覆盖其所属类。</p>
|
||
<p>对象 <em>cls</em> 是否被认作类，以及基类是什么，均可通过 <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__bases__</span></code> 属性（必须是基类的元组）进行覆盖。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyCallable_Check">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyCallable_Check</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyCallable_Check" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>确定对象 <em>o</em> 是可调对象。如果对象是可调对象则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> ，其他情况返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> 。这个函数不会调用失败。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_Call">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_Call</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *callable</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *args</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *kwargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Call" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>调用一个可调用的 Python 对象 <em>callable</em>，附带由元组 <em>args</em> 所给出的参数，以及由字典 <em>kwargs</em> 所给出的关键字参数。</p>
|
||
<p><em>args</em> must not be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, use an empty tuple if no arguments are needed.
|
||
If no named arguments are needed, <em>kwargs</em> can be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.</p>
|
||
<p>这等价于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">callable(*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs)</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_CallObject">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_CallObject</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *callable</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *args</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_CallObject" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Call a callable Python object <em>callable</em>, with arguments given by the
|
||
tuple <em>args</em>. If no arguments are needed, then <em>args</em> can be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.</p>
|
||
<p>这等价于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">callable(*args)</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_CallFunction">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_CallFunction</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *callable</em>, const char<em> *format</em>, ...<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_CallFunction" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Call a callable Python object <em>callable</em>, with a variable number of C arguments.
|
||
The C arguments are described using a <a class="reference internal" href="arg.html#c.Py_BuildValue" title="Py_BuildValue"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_BuildValue()</span></code></a> style format
|
||
string. The format can be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, indicating that no arguments are provided.</p>
|
||
<p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.</p>
|
||
<p>这等价于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">callable(*args)</span></code>。</p>
|
||
<p>请注意如果你只传入 <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code></a> 参数，则 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs" title="PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs()</span></code></a> 是更快速的选择。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.4 版更改: </span>这个 <em>format</em> 类型已从 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">char</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code> 更改。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_CallMethod">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_CallMethod</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *obj</em>, const char<em> *name</em>, const char<em> *format</em>, ...<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_CallMethod" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Call the method named <em>name</em> of object <em>obj</em> with a variable number of C
|
||
arguments. The C arguments are described by a <a class="reference internal" href="arg.html#c.Py_BuildValue" title="Py_BuildValue"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_BuildValue()</span></code></a> format
|
||
string that should produce a tuple.</p>
|
||
<p>The format can be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, indicating that no arguments are provided.</p>
|
||
<p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.</p>
|
||
<p>这和Python表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj.name(arg1,</span> <span class="pre">arg2,</span> <span class="pre">...)</span></code> 是一样的。</p>
|
||
<p>请注意如果你只传入 <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code></a> 参数，则 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs" title="PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs()</span></code></a> 是更快速的选择。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.4 版更改: </span>The types of <em>name</em> and <em>format</em> were changed from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">char</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *callable</em>, ...<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Call a callable Python object <em>callable</em>, with a variable number of
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject*</span></code></a> arguments. The arguments are provided as a variable number
|
||
of parameters followed by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.</p>
|
||
<p>这和Python表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">callable(arg1,</span> <span class="pre">arg2,</span> <span class="pre">...)</span></code> 是一样的。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *obj</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *name</em>, ...<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Calls a method of the Python object <em>obj</em>, where the name of the method is given as a
|
||
Python string object in <em>name</em>. It is called with a variable number of
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject*</span></code></a> arguments. The arguments are provided as a variable number
|
||
of parameters followed by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c._PyObject_Vectorcall">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">_PyObject_Vectorcall</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *callable</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *const<em> *args</em>, size_t<em> nargsf</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *kwnames</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyObject_Vectorcall" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Call a callable Python object <em>callable</em>, using
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset" title="PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset"><code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">vectorcall</span></code></a> if possible.</p>
|
||
<p><em>args</em> is a C array with the positional arguments.</p>
|
||
<p><em>nargsf</em> is the number of positional arguments plus optionally the flag
|
||
<code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET</span></code> (see below).
|
||
To get actual number of arguments, use
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyVectorcall_NARGS" title="PyVectorcall_NARGS"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyVectorcall_NARGS(nargsf)</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<p><em>kwnames</em> can be either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> (no keyword arguments) or a tuple of keyword
|
||
names. In the latter case, the values of the keyword arguments are stored
|
||
in <em>args</em> after the positional arguments.
|
||
The number of keyword arguments does not influence <em>nargsf</em>.</p>
|
||
<p><em>kwnames</em> must contain only objects of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code> (not a subclass),
|
||
and all keys must be unique.</p>
|
||
<p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.</p>
|
||
<p>This uses the vectorcall protocol if the callable supports it;
|
||
otherwise, the arguments are converted to use
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_call" title="PyTypeObject.tp_call"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_call</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
|
||
<p>This function is provisional and expected to become public in Python 3.9,
|
||
with a different name and, possibly, changed semantics.
|
||
If you use the function, plan for updating your code for Python 3.9.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.8 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="macro">
|
||
<dt id="c.PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>If set in a vectorcall <em>nargsf</em> argument, the callee is allowed to
|
||
temporarily change <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">args[-1]</span></code>. In other words, <em>args</em> points to
|
||
argument 1 (not 0) in the allocated vector.
|
||
The callee must restore the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">args[-1]</span></code> before returning.</p>
|
||
<p>Whenever they can do so cheaply (without additional allocation), callers
|
||
are encouraged to use <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET</span></code>.
|
||
Doing so will allow callables such as bound methods to make their onward
|
||
calls (which include a prepended <em>self</em> argument) cheaply.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.8 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyVectorcall_NARGS">
|
||
Py_ssize_t <code class="sig-name descname">PyVectorcall_NARGS</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>size_t<em> nargsf</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyVectorcall_NARGS" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Given a vectorcall <em>nargsf</em> argument, return the actual number of
|
||
arguments.
|
||
Currently equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nargsf</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">~PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.8 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c._PyObject_FastCallDict">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">_PyObject_FastCallDict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *callable</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *const<em> *args</em>, size_t<em> nargsf</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *kwdict</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyObject_FastCallDict" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#c._PyObject_Vectorcall" title="_PyObject_Vectorcall"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyObject_Vectorcall()</span></code></a> except that the keyword arguments
|
||
are passed as a dictionary in <em>kwdict</em>. This may be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> if there
|
||
are no keyword arguments.</p>
|
||
<p>For callables supporting <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset" title="PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset"><code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">vectorcall</span></code></a>,
|
||
the arguments are internally converted to the vectorcall convention.
|
||
Therefore, this function adds some overhead compared to
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#c._PyObject_Vectorcall" title="_PyObject_Vectorcall"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyObject_Vectorcall()</span></code></a>.
|
||
It should only be used if the caller already has a dictionary ready to use.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
|
||
<p>This function is provisional and expected to become public in Python 3.9,
|
||
with a different name and, possibly, changed semantics.
|
||
If you use the function, plan for updating your code for Python 3.9.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.8 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_Hash">
|
||
Py_hash_t <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_Hash</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Hash" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p id="index-6">计算并返回对象的哈希值 <em>o</em>。 失败时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>。这相当于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hash(o)</span></code>。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.2 版更改: </span>现在的返回类型是 Py_hash_t。 这是一个带符号整数，与 Py_ssize_t 大小相同。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_HashNotImplemented">
|
||
Py_hash_t <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_HashNotImplemented</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_HashNotImplemented" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>设置一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> 表示 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type(o)</span></code> 是不可哈希的，并返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> 。该函数保存在 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_hash</span></code> 槽中时会受到特别对待，允许某个类型向解释器显式表明它不可散列。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_IsTrue">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_IsTrue</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_IsTrue" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果对象 <em>o</em> 被认为是 true，则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>，否则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>。这相当于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">o</span></code>。 失败则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_Not">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_Not</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Not" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果对象 <em>o</em> 被认为是 true，则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>，否则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>。这相当于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">o</span></code>。 失败则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_Type">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_Type</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Type" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p id="index-7">当 <em>o</em> 非 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> 时，返回一个与对象 <em>o</em> 的类型相对应的类型对象。失败时，引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SystemError" title="SystemError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemError</span></code></a> 并返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。这等同于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type(o)</span></code>。该函数会增加返回值的引用计数。实际上没有理由不去用普通的表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o->ob_type</span></code> 而使用该函数，表达式会返回一个类型指针 <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject*</span></code></a> ，除非需要增加引用计数。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_TypeCheck">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_TypeCheck</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a><em> *type</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_TypeCheck" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>如果对象 <em>o</em> 为 <em>type</em> 类型或 <em>type</em> 的子类型则返回真值。 两个参数都必须非 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_Size">
|
||
Py_ssize_t <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_Size</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Size" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_Length">
|
||
Py_ssize_t <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_Length</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Length" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p id="index-8">返回对象 <em>o</em> 的长度。 如果对象 <em>o</em> 支持序列和映射协议，则返回序列长度。 出错时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>。这等同于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">len(o)</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_LengthHint">
|
||
Py_ssize_t <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_LengthHint</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> default</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_LengthHint" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return an estimated length for the object <em>o</em>. First try to return its
|
||
actual length, then an estimate using <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__length_hint__" title="object.__length_hint__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__length_hint__()</span></code></a>, and
|
||
finally return the default value. On error return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>. This is the
|
||
equivalent to the Python expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.length_hint(o,</span> <span class="pre">default)</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.4 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_GetItem">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GetItem</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GetItem" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>返回对象 <em>key</em> 对应的 <em>o</em> 元素，或在失败时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。这等同于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o[key]</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_SetItem">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_SetItem</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *key</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *v</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_SetItem" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>将对象 <em>key</em> 映射到值 <em>v</em>。 失败时引发异常并返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>；成功时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>。 这相当于 Python 语句 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o[key]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">v</span></code>。该函数 <em>不会</em> 偷取 <em>v</em> 的引用计数。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_DelItem">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_DelItem</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_DelItem" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>从对象 <em>o</em> 中移除对象 <em>key</em> 的映射。失败时返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>。 这相当于 Python 语句 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">o[key]</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_Dir">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_Dir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Dir" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>相当于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir(o)</span></code>，返回一个（可能为空）适合对象参数的字符串列表，如果出错则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。 如果参数为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>，类似 Python 的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir()</span></code>，则返回当前 locals 的名字；这时如果没有活动的执行框架，则返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>，但 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#c.PyErr_Occurred" title="PyErr_Occurred"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyErr_Occurred()</span></code></a> 将返回 false。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyObject_GetIter">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyObject_GetIter</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_GetIter" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>等同于 Python 表达式 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">iter(o)</span></code>。为对象参数返回一个新的迭代器，如果该对象已经是一个迭代器，则返回对象本身。如果对象不能被迭代，会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> ，并返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
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最后更新于 12月 09, 2024.
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