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<section id="module-fractions">
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<span id="fractions-rational-numbers"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-fractions" title="fractions: Rational numbers."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fractions</span></code></a> --- 分数<a class="headerlink" href="#module-fractions" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>源代码</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.8/Lib/fractions.py">Lib/fractions.py</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-fractions" title="fractions: Rational numbers."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fractions</span></code></a> 模块支持分数运算。</p>
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<p>分数实例可以由一对整数，一个分数，或者一个字符串构建而成。</p>
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<dl class="class">
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<dt id="fractions.Fraction">
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">fractions.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Fraction</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">numerator=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">denominator=1</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fractions.Fraction" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dt>
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">fractions.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Fraction</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">other_fraction</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>
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<dt>
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">fractions.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Fraction</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">float</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>
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<dt>
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">fractions.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Fraction</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">decimal</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>
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<dt>
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">fractions.</code><code class="sig-name descname">Fraction</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">string</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>
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<dd><p>第一个版本要求 <em>numerator</em> 和 <em>denominator</em> 是 <a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html#numbers.Rational" title="numbers.Rational"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers.Rational</span></code></a> 的实例，并返回一个新的 <a class="reference internal" href="#fractions.Fraction" title="fractions.Fraction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction</span></code></a> 实例，其值为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numerator/denominator</span></code>。 如果 <em>denominator</em> 为 <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> 将会引发 <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ZeroDivisionError" title="ZeroDivisionError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ZeroDivisionError</span></code></a>。 第二个版本要求 <em>other_fraction</em> 是 <a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html#numbers.Rational" title="numbers.Rational"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers.Rational</span></code></a> 的实例，并返回一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#fractions.Fraction" title="fractions.Fraction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction</span></code></a> 实例且与传入值相等。 下两个版本接受 <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></a> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#decimal.Decimal" title="decimal.Decimal"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal.Decimal</span></code></a> 的实例，并返回一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#fractions.Fraction" title="fractions.Fraction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction</span></code></a> 实例且与传入值完全相等。 请注意由于二进制浮点数通常存在的问题 (参见 <a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/floatingpoint.html#tut-fp-issues"><span class="std std-ref">浮点算术：争议和限制</span></a>)，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction(1.1)</span></code> 的参数并不会精确等于 11/10，因此 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction(1.1)</span></code> 也 <em>不会</em> 返回用户所期望的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction(11,</span> <span class="pre">10)</span></code>。 （请参阅下文中 <a class="reference internal" href="#fractions.Fraction.limit_denominator" title="fractions.Fraction.limit_denominator"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">limit_denominator()</span></code></a> 方法的文档。） 构造器的最后一个版本接受一个字符串或 unicode 实例。 此实例的通常形式为:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">sign</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">numerator</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'/'</span> <span class="n">denominator</span><span class="p">]</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>其中的可选项 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sign</span></code> 可以为 '+' 或 '-' 并且 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numerator</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">denominator</span></code> (如果存在) 是十进制数码的字符串。 此外，<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></a> 构造器所接受的任何表示一个有限值的字符串也都为 <a class="reference internal" href="#fractions.Fraction" title="fractions.Fraction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction</span></code></a> 构造器所接受。 不论哪种形式的输入字符串也都可以带有前缀和/或后缀的空格符。 这里是一些示例:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">fractions</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Fraction</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">Fraction(-8, 5)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">123</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">Fraction(123, 1)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="go">Fraction(0, 1)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'3/7'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">Fraction(3, 7)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">' -3/7 '</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">Fraction(-3, 7)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'1.414213 </span><span class="se">\t\n</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">Fraction(1414213, 1000000)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'-.125'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">Fraction(-1, 8)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'7e-6'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">Fraction(7, 1000000)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2.25</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">Fraction(9, 4)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go">Fraction(2476979795053773, 2251799813685248)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">decimal</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Decimal</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'1.1'</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<span class="go">Fraction(11, 10)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#fractions.Fraction" title="fractions.Fraction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction</span></code></a> 类继承自抽象基类 <a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html#numbers.Rational" title="numbers.Rational"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers.Rational</span></code></a>，并实现了该类的所有方法和操作。 <a class="reference internal" href="#fractions.Fraction" title="fractions.Fraction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction</span></code></a> 实例是可哈希的，并应当被视为不可变对象。 此外，<a class="reference internal" href="#fractions.Fraction" title="fractions.Fraction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction</span></code></a> 还具有以下属性和方法：</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">在 3.2 版更改: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#fractions.Fraction" title="fractions.Fraction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction</span></code></a> 构造器现在接受 <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#decimal.Decimal" title="decimal.Decimal"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal.Decimal</span></code></a> 实例。</p>
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</div>
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<dl class="attribute">
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<dt id="fractions.Fraction.numerator">
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<code class="sig-name descname">numerator</code><a class="headerlink" href="#fractions.Fraction.numerator" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>最简分数形式的分子。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="attribute">
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<dt id="fractions.Fraction.denominator">
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<code class="sig-name descname">denominator</code><a class="headerlink" href="#fractions.Fraction.denominator" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>最简分数形式的分母。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="fractions.Fraction.as_integer_ratio">
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<code class="sig-name descname">as_integer_ratio</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fractions.Fraction.as_integer_ratio" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>返回由两个整数组成的元组，两数之比等于该分数的值且其分母为正数。</p>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.8 新版功能.</span></p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="fractions.Fraction.from_float">
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<code class="sig-name descname">from_float</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">flt</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fractions.Fraction.from_float" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>此类方法可构造一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#fractions.Fraction" title="fractions.Fraction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction</span></code></a> 来表示 <em>flt</em> 的精确值，该参数必须是一个 <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></a>。 请注意 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction.from_float(0.3)</span></code> 的值并不等于 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction(3,</span> <span class="pre">10)</span></code>。</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
|
||
<p>从 Python 3.2 开始，在构造 <a class="reference internal" href="#fractions.Fraction" title="fractions.Fraction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction</span></code></a> 实例时可以直接使用 <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></a>。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="fractions.Fraction.from_decimal">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">from_decimal</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">dec</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fractions.Fraction.from_decimal" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>此类方法可构造一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#fractions.Fraction" title="fractions.Fraction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction</span></code></a> 来表示 <em>dec</em> 的精确值，该参数必须是一个 <a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#decimal.Decimal" title="decimal.Decimal"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal.Decimal</span></code></a> 实例。</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
|
||
<p>从 Python 3.2 开始，在构造 <a class="reference internal" href="#fractions.Fraction" title="fractions.Fraction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction</span></code></a> 实例时可以直接使用 <a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#decimal.Decimal" title="decimal.Decimal"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal.Decimal</span></code></a> 实例。</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="fractions.Fraction.limit_denominator">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">limit_denominator</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">max_denominator=1000000</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fractions.Fraction.limit_denominator" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>找到并返回一个 <a class="reference internal" href="#fractions.Fraction" title="fractions.Fraction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction</span></code></a> 使得其值最接近 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self</span></code> 并且分母不大于 max_denominator。 此方法适用于找出给定浮点数的有理数近似值：</p>
|
||
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">fractions</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Fraction</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'3.1415926535897932'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">limit_denominator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">Fraction(355, 113)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>或是用来恢复被表示为一个浮点数的有理数：</p>
|
||
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">math</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">pi</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cos</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pi</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="go">Fraction(4503599627370497, 9007199254740992)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pi</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">limit_denominator</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">Fraction(1, 2)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">limit_denominator</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">Fraction(11, 10)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="fractions.Fraction.__floor__">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">__floor__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fractions.Fraction.__floor__" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>返回最大的 <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">self</span></code>。 此方法也可通过 <a class="reference internal" href="math.html#math.floor" title="math.floor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math.floor()</span></code></a> 函数来使用：</p>
|
||
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">math</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">floor</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">floor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">355</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">113</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="go">3</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="fractions.Fraction.__ceil__">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">__ceil__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fractions.Fraction.__ceil__" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>返回最小的 <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">self</span></code>。 此方法也可通过 <a class="reference internal" href="math.html#math.ceil" title="math.ceil"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math.ceil()</span></code></a> 函数来使用。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="fractions.Fraction.__round__">
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">__round__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fractions.Fraction.__round__" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt>
|
||
<code class="sig-name descname">__round__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">ndigits</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>第一个版本返回一个 <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></a> 使得其值最接近 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self</span></code>，位值为二分之一时只对偶数舍入。第二个版本会将 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self</span></code> 舍入到最接近 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Fraction(1,</span> <span class="pre">10**ndigits)</span></code> 的倍数（如果 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ndigits</span></code> 为负值则为逻辑运算），位值为二分之一时同样只对偶数舍入。 此方法也可通过 <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#round" title="round"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">round()</span></code></a> 函数来使用。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="fractions.gcd">
|
||
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">fractions.</code><code class="sig-name descname">gcd</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">a</em>, <em class="sig-param">b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fractions.gcd" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>返回整数 <em>a</em> 和 <em>b</em> 的最大公约数。如果 <em>a</em> 或 <em>b</em> 之一非零，则 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gcd(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> 的绝对值是能同时整除 <em>a</em> 和 <em>b</em> 的最大整数。若 <em>b</em> 非零，则 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gcd(a,b)</span></code> 与 <em>b</em> 同号；否则返回值与 <em>a</em> 同号。<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gcd(0,</span> <span class="pre">0)</span></code> 返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>。</p>
|
||
<div class="deprecated">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">3.5 版后已移除: </span>由 <a class="reference internal" href="math.html#math.gcd" title="math.gcd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math.gcd()</span></code></a> 取代.</p>
|
||
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<div class="admonition seealso">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
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