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<section id="building-c-and-c-extensions">
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<span id="building"></span><h1><span class="section-number">4. </span>构建C/C++扩展<a class="headerlink" href="#building-c-and-c-extensions" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p>一个CPython的C扩展是一个共享库(例如一个Linux上的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.so</span></code> ，或者Windows上的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyd</span></code> )，其会导出一个 <em>初始化函数</em> 。</p>
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<p>为了可导入，共享库必须在 <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONPATH"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONPATH</span></code></a> 中有效，且必须命名遵循模块名字，通过适当的扩展。当使用distutils时，会自动生成正确的文件名。</p>
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<p>初始化函数的声明如下：</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="c.PyInit_modulename">
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<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="sig-name descname">PyInit_modulename</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>void<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyInit_modulename" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd></dd></dl>
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<p>该函数返回完整初始化过的模块，或一个 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/module.html#c.PyModuleDef" title="PyModuleDef"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModuleDef</span></code></a> 实例。查看 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/module.html#initializing-modules"><span class="std std-ref">初始化 C 模块</span></a> 了解更多细节。</p>
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<p>对于仅有ASCII编码的模块名，函数必须是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyInit_<modulename></span></code> ，将 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><modulename></span></code> 替换为模块的名字。当使用 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/module.html#multi-phase-initialization"><span class="std std-ref">Multi-phase initialization</span></a> 时，允许使用非ASCII编码的模块名。此时初始化函数的名字是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyInitU_<modulename></span></code> ，而 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><modulename></span></code> 需要用Python的 <em>punycode</em> 编码，连字号需替换为下划线。在Python里:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">initfunc_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">suffix</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'_'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ascii'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">UnicodeEncodeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">suffix</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'U_'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'punycode'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'-'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'_'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'PyInit'</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">suffix</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>可以在一个动态库里导出多个模块，通过定义多个初始化函数。而导入他们需要符号链接或自定义导入器，因为缺省时只有对应了文件名的函数才会被发现。查看 <em>"一个库里的多模块"</em> 章节，在 <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0489"><strong>PEP 489</strong></a> 了解更多细节。</p>
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<section id="building-c-and-c-extensions-with-distutils">
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<h2><span class="section-number">4.1. </span>使用distutils构建C和C++扩展<a class="headerlink" href="#building-c-and-c-extensions-with-distutils" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>扩展模块可以用distutils来构建，这是Python自带的。distutils也支持创建二进制包，用户无需编译器而distutils就能安装扩展。</p>
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<p>一个distutils包包含了一个驱动脚本 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> 。这是个纯Python文件，大多数时候也很简单，看起来如下：</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">distutils.core</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Extension</span>
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<span class="n">module1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'demo'</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">sources</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'demo.c'</span><span class="p">])</span>
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<span class="n">setup</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'PackageName'</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">version</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'1.0'</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">description</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'This is a demo package'</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">ext_modules</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">module1</span><span class="p">])</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>通过文件 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> ，和文件 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">demo.c</span></code> ，运行如下</p>
|
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<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">build</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>这会编译 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">demo.c</span></code> ，然后产生一个扩展模块叫做 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">demo</span></code> 在目录 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">build</span></code> 里。依赖于系统，模块文件会放在某个子目录形如 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">build/lib.system</span></code> ，名字可能是 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">demo.so</span></code> 或 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">demo.pyd</span></code> 。</p>
|
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<p>在文件 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> 里，所有动作的入口通过 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup</span></code> 函数。该函数可以接受可变数量个关键字参数，上面的例子只使用了一个子集。特别需要注意的例子指定了构建包的元信息，以及指定了包内容。通常一个包会包括多个模块，就像Python的源码模块、文档、子包等。请参数distutils的文档，在 <a class="reference internal" href="../distutils/index.html#distutils-index"><span class="std std-ref">分发 Python 模块（遗留版本）</span></a> 来了解更多distutils的特性；本章节只解释构建扩展模块的部分。</p>
|
||
<p>通常预计算参数给 <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code> ，想要更好的结构化驱动脚本。有如如上例子函数 <a class="reference internal" href="../distutils/apiref.html#distutils.core.setup" title="distutils.core.setup"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code></a> 的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ext_modules</span></code> 参数是一列扩展模块，每个是一个 <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Extension</span></code> 类的实例。例子中的实例定义了扩展命名为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">demo</span></code> ，从单一源码文件构建 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">demo.c</span></code> 。</p>
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||
<p>更多时候，构建一个扩展会复杂的多，需要额外的预处理器定义和库。如下例子展示了这些。</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">distutils.core</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Extension</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">module1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'demo'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="n">define_macros</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s1">'MAJOR_VERSION'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'1'</span><span class="p">),</span>
|
||
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'MINOR_VERSION'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'0'</span><span class="p">)],</span>
|
||
<span class="n">include_dirs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'/usr/local/include'</span><span class="p">],</span>
|
||
<span class="n">libraries</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'tcl83'</span><span class="p">],</span>
|
||
<span class="n">library_dirs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'/usr/local/lib'</span><span class="p">],</span>
|
||
<span class="n">sources</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'demo.c'</span><span class="p">])</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">setup</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'PackageName'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="n">version</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'1.0'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="n">description</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'This is a demo package'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="n">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Martin v. Loewis'</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">author_email</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'martin@v.loewis.de'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'https://docs.python.org/extending/building'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="n">long_description</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'''</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">This is really just a demo package.</span>
|
||
<span class="s1">'''</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="n">ext_modules</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">module1</span><span class="p">])</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
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</div>
|
||
<p>例子中函数 <a class="reference internal" href="../distutils/apiref.html#distutils.core.setup" title="distutils.core.setup"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code></a> 在调用时额外传递了元信息，是推荐发布包构建时的内容。对于这个扩展，其指定了预处理器定义，include目录，库目录，库。依赖于编译器，distutils还会用其他方式传递信息给编译器。例如在Unix上，结果是如下编译命令</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">gcc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">DNDEBUG</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">O3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Wall</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Wstrict</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">prototypes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">fPIC</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">DMAJOR_VERSION</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">DMINOR_VERSION</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">I</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">local</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">I</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">local</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">include</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python2</span><span class="mf">.2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">demo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">build</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">temp</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">linux</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">i686</span><span class="mf">-2.2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">demo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">o</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">gcc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">shared</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">build</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">temp</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">linux</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">i686</span><span class="mf">-2.2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">demo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">L</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">local</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">ltcl83</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">build</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">linux</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">i686</span><span class="mf">-2.2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">demo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">so</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>这些行代码仅用于展示目的；distutils用户应该相信distutils能正确调用。</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="distributing-your-extension-modules">
|
||
<span id="distributing"></span><h2><span class="section-number">4.2. </span>发布你的扩展模块<a class="headerlink" href="#distributing-your-extension-modules" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>当一个扩展已经成功地被构建时，有三种方式来使用它。</p>
|
||
<p>最终用户通常想要安装模块，可以这么运行</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">install</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>模块维护者应该制作源码包；要实现可以运行</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sdist</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>有些情况下，需要在源码发布包里包含额外的文件；这通过 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MANIFEST.in</span></code> 文件实现，查看 <a class="reference internal" href="../distutils/sourcedist.html#manifest"><span class="std std-ref">指定要分发的文件</span></a> 了解细节。</p>
|
||
<p>如果源码发行包被成功地构建，维护者还可以创建二进制发行包。 取决于具体平台，以下命令中的一个可以用来完成此任务</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bdist_wininst</span>
|
||
<span class="n">python</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bdist_rpm</span>
|
||
<span class="n">python</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bdist_dumb</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
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|
||
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||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<h3><a href="../contents.html">目录</a></h3>
|
||
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|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">4. 构建C/C++扩展</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#building-c-and-c-extensions-with-distutils">4.1. 使用distutils构建C和C++扩展</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#distributing-your-extension-modules">4.2. 发布你的扩展模块</a></li>
|
||
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|
||
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||
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<p class="topless"><a href="windows.html"
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最后更新于 12月 09, 2024.
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