250 lines
30 KiB
HTML
250 lines
30 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="zh">
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<head><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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<title>复制构造函数</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="ext.css" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="site_modules.css" />
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</head>
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<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-cpp_language_copy_constructor skin-cppreference2 action-view cpp-navbar">
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<div id="cpp-content-base">
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<div id="content"><a id="top"></a>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">复制构造函数</h1>
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<div id="bodyContent">
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<div id="contentSub"><span class="subpages">< <a href="cpp.html">cpp</a>‎ | <a href="cpp-language.html">language</a></span></div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" xml:lang="zh">
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<p>类 <code>T</code> 的复制构造函数是首个形参是 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&</span></span></span>、<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> T<span class="sy3">&</span></span></span>、<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">volatile</span> T<span class="sy3">&</span></span></span> 或 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">volatile</span> T<span class="sy3">&</span></span></span>，而且要么没有其他形参，要么剩余形参均有默认值的非模板<a href="cpp-language-initializer_list.html" class="mw-redirect">构造函数</a>。</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95">语法</span></h3>
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<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
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<tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-sdsc">
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<td><span class="t-spar">类名</span> ( <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span></span></span> <span class="t-spar">类名</span> <code>&</code> )</td>
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<td>(1)</td>
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<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-sdsc">
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<td><span class="t-spar">类名</span> ( <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span></span></span> <span class="t-spar">类名</span> <code>&</code> ) = <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">default</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span></td>
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<td>(2)</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-sdsc">
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<td><span class="t-spar">类名</span> ( <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span></span></span> <span class="t-spar">类名</span> <code>&</code> ) = <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">delete<span class="sy4">;</span></span></span></td>
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<td>(3)</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep"></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>其中 <span class="t-spar">类名</span> 必须指名当前类（或类模板的当前实例化），或在命名空间作用域或友元声明中声明时，必须是有限定的类名。</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.A7.A3.E9.87.8A">解释</span></h3>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> 复制构造函数的典型声明。</div>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> 强制编译器生成复制构造函数。</div>
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<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> 阻止隐式生成复制构造函数。</div>
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<p>复制构造函数会在对象从同类型的另一对象（以<a href="cpp-language-direct_initialization.html">直接初始化</a>或<a href="cpp-language-copy_initialization.html">复制初始化</a>）<a href="cpp-language-initialization.html">初始化</a>时调用（除非<a href="cpp-language-overload_resolution.html">重载决议</a>选择了更好的匹配或其调用被<a href="cpp-language-copy_elision.html">消除</a>），情况包括：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>初始化：<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T a <span class="sy1">=</span> b<span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> 或 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T a<span class="br0">(</span>b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>，其中 b 的类型是 <code>T</code>；</li>
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<li>函数实参传递：<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">f<span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>，其中 <code>a</code> 的类型是 <code>T</code> 而 <code>f</code> 是 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span>T t<span class="br0">)</span></span></span>；</li>
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<li>函数返回：在像 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> 这样的函数内部的 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">return</span> a<span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>，其中 <code>a</code> 的类型是 <code>T</code> 且它没有<a href="cpp-language-move_constructor.html">移动构造函数</a>。</li>
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</ul>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E9.9A.90.E5.BC.8F.E5.A3.B0.E6.98.8E.E7.9A.84.E5.A4.8D.E5.88.B6.E6.9E.84.E9.80.A0.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0">隐式声明的复制构造函数</span></h3>
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<p>如果没有向类类型（<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">struct</span></span></span>、<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">class</span></span></span> 或 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">union</span></span></span>）提供任何用户定义的复制构造函数，那么编译器总是会声明一个复制构造函数作为这个类的非 <a href="cpp-language-explicit.html">explicit</a> 的 <code>inline public</code> 成员。如果满足下列所有条件，那么这个隐式声明的复制构造函数拥有形式 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">T</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> T<span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>：</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>T</code> 的每个直接基类和虚基类 <code>B</code> 均拥有形参为 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> B<span class="sy3">&</span></span></span> 或 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">volatile</span> B<span class="sy3">&</span></span></span> 的复制构造函数；</li>
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<li><code>T</code> 的每个类类型或类类型数组的非静态数据成员 <code>M</code> 均拥有形参为 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> M<span class="sy3">&</span></span></span> 或 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">volatile</span> M<span class="sy3">&</span></span></span> 的复制构造函数。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>否则，隐式声明的复制构造函数是 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">T</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>。（注意因为这些规则，隐式声明的复制构造函数不能绑定到 volatile 左值实参）。</p>
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<p>类可以拥有多个复制构造函数，如 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">T</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> T<span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> 和 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">T</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>。</p>
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<table class="t-rev-begin">
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<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11">
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<td>
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<p>当存在用户定义的复制构造函数时，用户仍可以使用关键词 <code>default</code> 强制编译器生成隐式声明的复制构造函数。</p>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>隐式声明（或在它的首个声明被预置）的复制构造函数具有<span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx17"><span><a href="cpp-language-except_spec.html">动态异常说明</a></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(C++17 前)</span></span></span> <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx17"><span><a href="cpp-language-noexcept_spec.html">noexcept 说明</a></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17 起)</span></span></span>中所描述的异常说明。</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.BC.83.E7.BD.AE.E7.9A.84.E9.9A.90.E5.BC.8F.E5.A3.B0.E6.98.8E.E7.9A.84.E5.A4.8D.E5.88.B6.E6.9E.84.E9.80.A0.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0">弃置的隐式声明的复制构造函数</span></h3>
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<table class="t-rev-begin">
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<tr class="t-rev t-until-cxx11">
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<td>
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<p>如果满足下列任一条件，那么不定义类 <code>T</code> 的隐式声明的复制构造函数：</p>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx11">(C++11 前)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11">
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<td>
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<p>如果满足下列任一条件，那么类 <code>T</code> 的隐式声明的复制构造函数被定义为<i>弃置的</i>：</p>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<ul>
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<li><code>T</code> 拥有无法复制的非静态数据成员（拥有被弃置、不可访问或有歧义的复制构造函数）；</li>
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<li><code>T</code> 拥有无法复制的直接或虚基类（拥有被弃置、不可访问或有歧义的复制构造函数）；</li>
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<li><code>T</code> 拥有带被弃置或不可访问的析构函数的直接或虚基类；</li>
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</ul>
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<table class="t-rev-begin">
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<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11">
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<td>
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<ul>
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<li><code>T</code> 是联合体式的类，且拥有带非平凡复制构造函数的变体成员；</li>
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<li><code>T</code> 拥有右值引用类型的数据成员；</li>
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<li><code>T</code> 拥有用户定义的<a href="cpp-language-move_constructor.html">移动构造函数</a>或<a href="cpp-language-move_assignment.html">移动赋值运算符</a>（此条件只会导致隐式声明的，而非预置的复制构造函数被弃置）。</li>
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</ul>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.B9.B3.E5.87.A1.E7.9A.84.E5.A4.8D.E5.88.B6.E6.9E.84.E9.80.A0.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0">平凡的复制构造函数</span></h3>
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<p>如果满足下列所有条件，那么类 <code>T</code> 的复制构造函数是平凡的：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>它不是用户提供的（即它是隐式定义或预置的）；</li>
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<li><code>T</code> 没有虚成员函数；</li>
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<li><code>T</code> 没有虚基类；</li>
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<li>为 <code>T</code> 的每个直接基类选择的复制构造函数都是平凡的；</li>
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<li>为 <code>T</code> 的每个类类型（或类类型数组）的非静态成员选择的复制构造函数都是平凡的；</li>
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</ul>
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<p>非联合类的平凡复制构造函数的效果是复制实参的每个标量子对象（递归地包含子对象的子对象，以此类推），且不进行其他动作。不过不需要复制填充字节，甚至只要其值相同，每个复制的子对象的对象表示也不必相同。</p>
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<p><a href="cpp-named_req-TriviallyCopyable.html"><span style="font-style:italic">可平凡复制</span> <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; font-style:italic">(TriviallyCopyable)</span></a> 对象可以通过手动复制其对象表示来进行复制，例如用 <span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-string-byte-memmove.html">std::memmove</a></span>。所有与 C 语言兼容的数据类型（POD 类型）都可以平凡复制。</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.90.88.E6.A0.BC.E7.9A.84.E5.A4.8D.E5.88.B6.E6.9E.84.E9.80.A0.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0">合格的复制构造函数</span></h3>
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<table class="t-rev-begin">
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<tr class="t-rev t-until-cxx11">
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<td>
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<p>被用户声明或者同时被隐式声明且可定义的复制构造函数是合格的。</p>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx11">(C++11 前)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11 t-until-cxx20">
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<td>
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<p>没有被弃置的复制构造函数是合格的。</p>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span><br />
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<span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(C++20 前)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx20">
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<td>
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<p>满足下列所有条件的复制构造函数是合格的：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>它没有被弃置，且</li>
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<li>满足它的所有<a href="cpp-language-constraints.html">关联约束</a>（如果存在），且</li>
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<li>没有比它<a href="cpp-language-constraints.html#.E7.BA.A6.E6.9D.9F.E7.9A.84.E9.83.A8.E5.88.86.E6.8E.92.E5.BA.8F">更受约束</a>且拥有相同的第一形参类型的复制构造函数。</li>
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</ul>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>合格的复制构造函数的平凡性确定该类是否为<a href="cpp-language-lifetime.html#.E9.9A.90.E5.BC.8F.E7.94.9F.E5.AD.98.E6.9C.9F.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B">隐式生存期类型</a>，以及该类是否为<a href="cpp-named_req-TriviallyCopyable.html">可平凡复制类型</a>。</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E9.9A.90.E5.BC.8F.E5.AE.9A.E4.B9.89.E7.9A.84.E5.A4.8D.E5.88.B6.E6.9E.84.E9.80.A0.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0">隐式定义的复制构造函数</span></h3>
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<p>如果隐式声明的复制构造函数没有被弃置，那么当它被 <a href="cpp-language-definition.html#ODR_.E5.BC.8F.E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8">ODR 式使用</a><span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span>或用于<a href="cpp-language-constant_expression.html#.E5.B8.B8.E9.87.8F.E6.B1.82.E5.80.BC.E6.89.80.E9.9C.80.E8.A6.81.E7.9A.84.E5.87.BD.E6.95.B0.E4.B8.8E.E5.8F.98.E9.87.8F">常量求值</a></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></span></span>时，它会被编译器定义（即生成并编译函数体）。对于联合体类型，隐式定义的复制构造函数（如同以 <span class="t-lc"><a href="cpp-string-byte-memmove.html">std::memmove</a></span>）复制它的对象表示。对于非联合类类型（<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">class</span></span></span> 与 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">struct</span></span></span>），该构造函数用直接初始化，按照初始化顺序，对对象的各基类和非静态成员进行完整的逐成员复制。<span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span>如果它满足对于 <a href="cpp-language-constexpr.html">constexpr 构造函数</a>的要求，那么生成的复制构造函数也是 <code>constexpr</code> 的。</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></span></span></p>
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<table class="t-rev-begin">
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<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11">
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<td>
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<p>当 <code>T</code> 拥有用户定义的析构函数或用户定义的复制赋值运算符时，隐式定义的复制构造函数的生成被弃用。</p>
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</td>
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<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.B3.A8.E8.A7.A3">注解</span></h3>
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<p>许多情况下，即使复制构造函数能够产生可观测副作用，它们也会被优化掉，见<a href="cpp-language-copy_elision.html">复制消除</a>。</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.A4.BA.E4.BE.8B">示例</span></h3>
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<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="cpp source-cpp">
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<pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> A
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<span class="br0">{</span>
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<span class="kw4">int</span> n<span class="sy4">;</span>
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A<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> n<span class="br0">(</span>n<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
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A<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> A<span class="sy3">&</span> a<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> n<span class="br0">(</span>a.<span class="me1">n</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 用户定义的复制构造函数</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw1">struct</span> B <span class="sy4">:</span> A
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<span class="br0">{</span>
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<span class="co1">// 隐式默认构造函数 B::B()</span>
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<span class="co1">// 隐式复制构造函数 B::B(const B&)</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw1">struct</span> C <span class="sy4">:</span> B
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<span class="br0">{</span>
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C<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> B<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="br0">}</span>
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<span class="kw1">private</span><span class="sy4">:</span>
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C<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> C<span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 不可复制，C++98 风格</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
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<span class="br0">{</span>
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A a1<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">7</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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A a2<span class="br0">(</span>a1<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 调用复制构造函数</span>
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B b<span class="sy4">;</span>
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B b2 <span class="sy1">=</span> b<span class="sy4">;</span>
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A a3 <span class="sy1">=</span> b<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 转换到 A& 并调用复制构造函数</span>
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<span class="kw4">volatile</span> A va<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="co1">// A a4 = va; // 编译错误</span>
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C c<span class="sy4">;</span>
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<span class="co1">// C c2 = c; // 编译错误</span>
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<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div>
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</div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.BC.BA.E9.99.B7.E6.8A.A5.E5.91.8A">缺陷报告</span></h3>
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<p>下列更改行为的缺陷报告追溯地应用于以前出版的 C++ 标准。</p>
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<table class="dsctable" style="font-size:0.8em">
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<tr>
|
|
<th>DR</th>
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<th>应用于</th>
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<th>出版时的行为</th>
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<th>正确行为</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue2094">CWG 2094</a></td>
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<td>C++11</td>
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<td>volatile 成员会导致复制非平凡（CWG 496）</td>
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<td>平凡性不受影响</td>
|
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</tr>
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<tr>
|
|
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue2171">CWG 2171</a></td>
|
|
<td>C++11</td>
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<td><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">X<span class="br0">(</span>X<span class="sy3">&</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">default</span></span></span> 非平凡</td>
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<td>使它平凡</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8F.82.E9.98.85">参阅</span></h3>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="cpp-language-converting_constructor.html">转换构造函数</a></li>
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|
<li><a href="cpp-language-copy_assignment.html">复制赋值</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-copy_elision.html">复制消除</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-default_constructor.html">默认构造函数</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-destructor.html">析构函数</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-explicit.html">explicit</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-initialization.html">初始化</a>
|
|
<ul>
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|
<li><a href="cpp-language-aggregate_initialization.html">聚合初始化</a></li>
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|
<li><a href="cpp-language-constant_initialization.html">常量初始化</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-copy_initialization.html">复制初始化</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-default_initialization.html">默认初始化</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-direct_initialization.html">直接初始化</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-initializer_list.html" class="mw-redirect">初始化列表</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-list_initialization.html">列表初始化</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-reference_initialization.html">引用初始化</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-value_initialization.html">值初始化</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-zero_initialization.html">零初始化</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-move_assignment.html">移动赋值</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="cpp-language-move_constructor.html">移动构造函数</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="cpp-language-new.html">new</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="visualClear"></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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