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<section id="an-introduction-to-distutils">
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<span id="distutils-intro"></span><h1><span class="section-number">1. </span>Distutils 模块介绍<a class="headerlink" href="#an-introduction-to-distutils" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">注解</p>
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<p>这篇文档是历史遗留文档，在 <a class="reference external" href="https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/setuptools.html">https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/setuptools.html</a> 上的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setuptools</span></code> 文档独立涵盖此处包含的所有相关信息之后，将不再单独作为正式文档保留。</p>
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</div>
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<p>本文档介绍了使用 Distutils 模块分发你的 Python 模块，主要是针对开发者/分发者的使用的——如果你想了解如何安装 Python 模块，你应该参考这个章节： <a class="reference internal" href="../install/index.html#install-index"><span class="std std-ref">安装Python模块（旧版）</span></a>。</p>
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<section id="concepts-terminology">
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<span id="distutils-concepts"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.1. </span>概念和术语<a class="headerlink" href="#concepts-terminology" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Distutils 用起来非常简单，对于模块开发者或安装第三方模块的用户/管理员均是如此。开发者的责任（当然还有编写可靠、良好文档和经过良好测试的代码！）就是：</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>编写一个设置脚本 (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> by convention)</p></li>
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<li><p>(可选)编写设置脚本的配置文件</p></li>
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<li><p>创建源码的发行版</p></li>
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<li><p>（可选）创建一个或多个编译好（二进制）的发行版</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>这些操作在此文档均有讲解。</p>
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<p>并非所有的模块开发者都能接触到众多的平台，所以期望他们创造众多的内置发行版不是总是可行的。最好是有一类名为 <em>打包者</em> 的中介，以满足这一需求。打包者将读取模块开发者发布的源代码，在一个或多个平台上进行编译，并发布构建出来的发行版。这样，最流行平台的用户就能以最自然的方式安装最流行的 Python 模块发行版，不必运行一段 setup 脚本或编译代码了。</p>
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</section>
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<section id="a-simple-example">
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<span id="distutils-simple-example"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.2. </span>一个简单的例子<a class="headerlink" href="#a-simple-example" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>setup 脚本通常很简单，尽管是用 Python 编写的，它能干的事情没有限制，当然应小心别在 setup 脚本中加入什么运行缓慢的操作。与 Autoconf 风格的 configure 脚本不同，在构建和安装模块的过程中 setup 脚本可能会运行多次。</p>
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<p>如果只想发布一个名为 <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo</span></code> 的模块，位于 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo.py</span></code> 文件中，那么 setup 脚本可以如此简单：</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">distutils.core</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">setup</span>
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<span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">version</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'1.0'</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">py_modules</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">],</span>
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<span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>注意要点：</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>提供给 Distutils 的大部分信息将作为关键字参数发给 <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code> 函数。</p></li>
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<li><p>这些关键字参数分为两类：包的元数据（名称、版本号）和包中内容的描述信息（本例中是纯 Python 模块的列表）。</p></li>
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<li><p>模块由模块名指定，而不是文件名（包和扩展也是如此）。</p></li>
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<li><p>建议多提供一些元数据，特别是开发者姓名、电子邮件地址和项目的URL（参见 <a class="reference internal" href="setupscript.html#setup-script"><span class="std std-ref">编写安装脚本</span></a> 中的例子）。</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>要为该模块创建一个源码发布版本，需要创建一段 setup 脚本 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>，包含上述代码，然后从终端运行以下命令：</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">sdist</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>对于 Windows 用户来说，打开命令行窗口（<span class="menuselection">Start ‣ Accessories</span>）并且写上如下命令:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">sdist</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p><strong class="command">sdist</strong> 将创建一个归档文件（例如在 Unix 中为 tarball，在 Windows 中为 ZIP 文件），其中包含你的配置脚本 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> 以及你的模块 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo.py</span></code>。 此归档文件将被命名为 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo-1.0.tar.gz</span></code> (或 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.zip</span></code>)，并将解包到目录 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo-1.0</span></code> 当中。</p>
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<p>如果最终用户希望安装 <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo</span></code> 模块，只需下载 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo-1.0.tar.gz</span></code> （或 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.zip</span></code> ）并解压，进入 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo-1.0</span></code> 目录运行：</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">install</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>这会把 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo.py</span></code> 复制到 Python 安装环境的第三方模块目录中。</p>
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<p>上述简单例子展示了 Distutils 的一些基本概念。首先，开发者和安装者拥有相同的基本用户界面，即 setup 脚本。区别在于使用哪种 Distutils <em>命令</em> ： <strong class="command">sdist</strong> 命令几乎只适用于模块开发者，而 <strong class="command">install</strong> 则更适用于安装者（当然大多数开发者偶尔也想要安装自己的代码）。</p>
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<p>If you want to make things really easy for your users, you can create one or
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more built distributions for them. For instance, if you are running on a
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Windows machine, and want to make things easy for other Windows users, you can
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create an executable installer (the most appropriate type of built distribution
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for this platform) with the <strong class="command">bdist_wininst</strong> command. For example:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">bdist_wininst</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>will create an executable installer, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo-1.0.win32.exe</span></code>, in the current
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directory.</p>
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<p>其他有用的内置分发格式是 RPM，可由 <strong class="command">bdist_rpm</strong> 、Solaris <strong class="program">pkgtool`（:command:`bdist_pkgtool</strong>）和 HP-UX <strong class="program">swinstall`（:command:`bdist_sdux</strong>）实现。比如，以下命令将创建一个名为 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo-1.0.noarch.rpm</span></code> 的RPM文件：</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">bdist_rpm</span>
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</pre></div>
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||
</div>
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<p>（<strong class="command">bdist_rpm</strong> 命令用到了 <strong class="command">rpm</strong> 可执行文件，因此必须运行在基于 RPM 的系统中，如 Red Hat Linux 、 SuSE Linux 或 Mandrake Linux）。</p>
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<p>可以随时运行以下命令，以便了解当前可用的分发格式：</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">bdist</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">help</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">formats</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section id="general-python-terminology">
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<span id="python-terms"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.3. </span>通用的 Python 术语<a class="headerlink" href="#general-python-terminology" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>本文读者可能对模块、扩展等已有了很好的理解。但为确保所有人都站在同一起点上，下面提供了 Python 常用术语表：</p>
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<dl class="simple">
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<dt>module</dt><dd><p>实现 Python 代码重用的基本单位：可被其他代码导入的一段代码。有三种类型的模块与本文有关：纯 Python 模块、扩展模块和包。</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>纯 Python 模块</dt><dd><p>用 Python 编写的模块，包含在某 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.py</span></code> 文件中（可能还会有相关的 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> 文件）。有时被称为 "纯模块"。</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>extension module -- 扩展模块</dt><dd><p>用低级语言编写的 Python 模块。Python 用 C/C++ ，而 Jython 则用Java。通常包含在一个可动态加载的预编译文件中，比如 Unix 中的 Python 扩展是一个共享对象（<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.so</span></code>）文件，Windows 中的 Python 扩展则是一个 DLL （扩展名为 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyd</span></code> )，而 Jython 的扩展是个 Java class 文件。（注意，目前，Distutils 只处理 Python 的 C/C++ 扩展。）</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>包</dt><dd><p>包含其他模块的模块；通常位于文件系统的某个目录中，区别于其他目录的标记就是存在一个 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></code> 文件。</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>根包</dt><dd><p>包的层次结构的根。（其并非一个真正的包，因为没有 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></code> 文件。但总得给它起个名字）。 绝大多数标准库都在根包中，还有许多不属于任何大型模块的小型、独立的第三方模块。与普通的包不同，根包中的模块可能会在很多目录中出现：事实上，<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code> 列出的每个目录都会为根包提供模块。</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="distutils-specific-terminology">
|
||
<span id="distutils-term"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.4. </span>Distutils 特定的术语<a class="headerlink" href="#distutils-specific-terminology" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>以下属于更加特别地用于 Distutils 发布 Python 模块。</p>
|
||
<dl class="simple">
|
||
<dt>模块发行版</dt><dd><p>一组 Python 模块，作为可下载的资源组团发布，以便 <em>大规模</em> 安装。模块发布版的著名例子是 NumPy 、 SciPy 、 Pillow 或 mxBase。（这些会被称为 <em>package</em>，这个词在 Python 的语境中也使用过：一个模块发行版可能包含零个、一个或多个 Python 包。)</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>纯模块发行版</dt><dd><p>只包含纯 Python 模块和软件包的模块发布版。有时被称为“纯发行版”。</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>非纯模块发行版</dt><dd><p>至少包含一个扩展模块的模块发行版。 有时被称为“非纯发行版”。</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>根发行版</dt><dd><p>源代码树（或源代码发行版）的顶级目录；即 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> 所在的目录。 一般来说，<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> 会在该目录下运行。</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
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</section>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#general-python-terminology">1.3. 通用的 Python 术语</a></li>
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