253 lines
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253 lines
20 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="zh">
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<title>cppreference.com</title>
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<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-首页 skin-cppreference2 action-view">
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<div id="cpp-content-base">
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<div id="content"><a id="top"></a>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">C 和 C++ 参考手册</h1>
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<div id="contentSub"></div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" xml:lang="zh">
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<table class="mainpagetable" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; white-space:nowrap;">
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<tr class="row rowtop">
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<td colspan="3">
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<p><a href="cpp.html"><span style="font-size: 2em;">C++ 参考手册</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: 0.8em;">C++98, C++03, <a href="cpp-11.html">C++11</a>, <a href="cpp-14.html">C++14</a>, <a href="cpp-17.html">C++17</a>, <a href="cpp-20.html">C++20</a>, <a href="cpp-23.html">C++23</a> │ <a href="cpp-compiler_support.html">编译器支持</a> <a href="cpp-compiler_support-11.html">C++11</a>, <a href="cpp-compiler_support-14.html">C++14</a>, <a href="cpp-compiler_support-17.html">C++17</a>, <a href="cpp-compiler_support-20.html">C++20</a>, <a href="cpp-compiler_support-23.html">C++23</a><br /></span></p>
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<tr class="row">
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<p><a href="cpp-freestanding.html">自立实现</a></p>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-language.html">语言</a></b></p>
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<p><a href="cpp-language-basic_concepts.html">基本概念</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-keyword.html">关键词</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-preprocessor.html">预处理器</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-language-expressions.html">表达式</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-language-declarations.html">声明</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-language-initialization.html">初始化</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-language-functions.html">函数</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-language-statements.html">语句</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-language-classes.html">类</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-language-operators.html">重载</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-language-templates.html">模板</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-language-exceptions.html">异常</a><br /></p>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-header.html">头文件</a></b></p>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-named_req.html">具名要求</a></b></p>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-feature_test.html">功能特性测试宏</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span></p>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-utility.html#.E8.AF.AD.E8.A8.80.E6.94.AF.E6.8C.81">语言支持库</a></b></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p><a href="cpp-utility-source_location.html">源代码信息</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-types.html">类型支持</a> − <a href="cpp-types.html#.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B.E7.89.B9.E6.80.A7.28C.2B.2B11_.E8.B5.B7.29">特性</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-utility-program.html">程序工具</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-coroutine.html">协程支持</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-utility.html#.E4.B8.89.E8.B7.AF.E6.AF.94.E8.BE.83">三路比较</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-types-numeric_limits.html"><tt>numeric_limits</tt></a> − <a href="cpp-types-type_info.html"><tt>type_info</tt></a><br />
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<a href="cpp-utility-initializer_list.html"><tt>initializer_list</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br /></p>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-concepts.html">概念库</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span></p>
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</td>
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<td>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-error.html">诊断库</a></b></p>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-utility.html#.E9.80.9A.E7.94.A8.E5.B7.A5.E5.85.B7">通用工具库</a></b></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p><a href="cpp-memory.html">智能指针和分配器</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-memory-unique_ptr.html"><tt>unique_ptr</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-memory-shared_ptr.html"><tt>shared_ptr‏‎‏‎</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-chrono.html">日期和时间</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-utility-functional.html">函数对象</a> − <a href="cpp-utility-hash.html"><tt>hash</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-utility.html#.E5.88.9D.E7.AD.89.E5.AD.97.E7.AC.A6.E4.B8.B2.E8.BD.AC.E6.8D.A2">字符串转换</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-utility.html#swap_.E4.B8.8E.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B.E8.BF.90.E7.AE.97">工具函数</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-utility-pair.html"><tt>pair</tt></a> − <a href="cpp-utility-tuple.html"><tt>tuple</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-utility-optional.html"><tt>optional</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span> − <a href="cpp-utility-any.html"><tt>any</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-utility-variant.html"><tt>variant</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span> − <a href="cpp-utility-format.html"><tt>format</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-utility-basic_stacktrace.html"><tt>basic_stacktrace</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx23">(C++23)</span></p>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-string.html">字符串库</a></b></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p><a href="cpp-string-basic_string.html"><tt>basic_string</tt></a><br />
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<a href="cpp-string-basic_string_view.html"><tt>basic_string_view</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span><br />
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空终止字符串：<br />
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<a href="cpp-string-byte.html">字节</a> − <a href="cpp-string-multibyte.html">多字节</a> − <a href="cpp-string-wide.html">宽</a></p>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-container.html">容器库</a></b></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p><a href="cpp-container-array.html"><tt>array</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> − <a href="cpp-container-vector.html"><tt>vector</tt></a> − <a href="cpp-container-deque.html"><tt>deque</tt></a><br />
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<a href="cpp-container-map.html"><tt>map</tt></a> − <a href="cpp-container-unordered_map.html"><tt>unordered_map</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-container-set.html"><tt>set</tt></a> − <a href="cpp-container-unordered_set.html"><tt>unordered_set</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-container-priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a> − <a href="cpp-container-span.html"><tt>span</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br />
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其他容器：<br />
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<a href="cpp-container.html#.E9.A1.BA.E5.BA.8F.E5.AE.B9.E5.99.A8">顺序</a> − <a href="cpp-container.html#.E5.85.B3.E8.81.94.E5.AE.B9.E5.99.A8">关联</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-container.html#.E6.97.A0.E5.BA.8F.E5.85.B3.E8.81.94.E5.AE.B9.E5.99.A8">无序关联</a> − <a href="cpp-container.html#.E5.AE.B9.E5.99.A8.E9.80.82.E9.85.8D.E5.99.A8">适配器</a></p>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-iterator.html">迭代器库</a></b></p>
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</td>
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<td>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-ranges.html">范围库</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span></p>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-algorithm.html">算法库</a></b></p>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-numeric.html">数值库</a></b></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p><a href="cpp-numeric-math.html">常用数学函数</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-numeric-special_functions.html">数学特殊函数</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-numeric-constants.html">数学常数</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-numeric.html#.E6.95.B0.E5.80.BC.E7.AE.97.E6.B3.95">数值算法</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-numeric-random.html">伪随机数生成</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-numeric-fenv.html">浮点环境</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-numeric.html#.E4.BD.8D.E6.93.8D.E7.BA.B5_.28C.2B.2B20_.E8.B5.B7.29">位操纵</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-numeric-complex.html"><tt>complex</tt></a> − <a href="cpp-numeric-valarray.html"><tt>valarray</tt></a><br />
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<a href="cpp-numeric-ratio.html"><tt>ratio</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></p>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-locale.html">本地化库</a></b></p>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-io.html">输入/输出库</a></b></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p><a href="cpp-io.html#.E5.9F.BA.E4.BA.8E.E6.B5.81.E7.9A.84_I.2FO">基于流的 I/O</a><br />
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<a href="cpp-io.html#.E5.90.8C.E6.AD.A5.E7.9A.84.E8.BE.93.E5.87.BA">同步输出</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span><br />
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<a href="cpp-io-manip.html">I/O 操纵符</a><br /></p>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-filesystem.html">文件系统库</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></p>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-regex.html">正则表达式库</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p><a href="cpp-regex-basic_regex.html"><tt>basic_regex</tt></a> − <a href="cpp-regex.html#.E7.AE.97.E6.B3.95">算法</a></p>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-atomic.html">原子操作库</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p><a href="cpp-atomic-atomic.html"><tt>atomic</tt></a> − <a href="cpp-atomic-atomic_flag.html"><tt>atomic_flag</tt></a><br />
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<a href="cpp-atomic-atomic_ref.html"><tt>atomic_ref</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span></p>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="cpp-thread.html">线程支持库</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p><a href="cpp-thread-thread.html"><tt>thread‏‎</tt></a> − <a href="cpp-thread-mutex.html"><tt>mutex‏‎</tt></a><br />
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<a href="cpp-thread-condition_variable.html"><tt>condition_variable‏‎</tt></a></p>
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</div>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row">
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<td colspan="3"><b><a href="cpp-experimental.html">技术规范</a></b><br />
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<p> <b><a href="cpp-experimental-lib_extensions.html">标准库扩展</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-libfund-ts t-mark-ts">(库基础 TS)</span></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p><a href="cpp-experimental-resource_adaptor.html"><tt>resource_adaptor</tt></a> — <a href="cpp-experimental-invocation_type.html"><tt>invocation_type</tt></a></p>
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</div>
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<p> <b><a href="cpp-experimental-lib_extensions_2.html">标准库扩展 v2</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-libfund-ts-2 t-mark-ts">(库基础 TS v2)</span></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p><a href="cpp-experimental-propagate_const.html"><tt>propagate_const</tt></a> — <a href="cpp-experimental-ostream_joiner.html"><tt>ostream_joiner</tt></a> — <a href="cpp-experimental-randint.html"><tt>randint</tt></a><br />
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<a href="cpp-experimental-observer_ptr.html"><tt>observer_ptr</tt></a> — <a href="cpp-experimental-is_detected.html">检测手法</a></p>
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</div>
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<p> <b><a href="cpp-experimental-lib_extensions_3.html">标准库扩展 v3</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-libfund-ts-3 t-mark-ts">(库基础 TS v3)</span></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p><a href="cpp-experimental-scope_exit.html"><tt>scope_exit</tt></a> — <a href="cpp-experimental-scope_fail.html"><tt>scope_fail</tt></a> — <a href="cpp-experimental-scope_success.html"><tt>scope_success</tt></a> — <a href="cpp-experimental-unique_resource.html"><tt>unique_resource</tt></a></p>
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</div>
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<p> <b><a href="cpp-experimental-concurrency.html">并发库扩展</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-concurrency-ts t-mark-ts">(并发 TS)</span> — <b><a href="cpp-language-transactional_memory.html">事务性内存</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-tm-ts t-mark-ts">(TM TS)</span><br />
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<b><a href="cpp-experimental-reflect.html">反射</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-reflection-ts t-mark-ts">(反射 TS)</span><br /></p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row rowbottom">
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<td colspan="3"><a href="cpp-links.html">外部链接</a> − <a href="cpp-links-libs.html">非 ANSI/ISO 库</a> − <a href="cpp-index.html">索引</a> − <a href="cpp-symbol_index.html">std 符号索引</a></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span style="margin:12px;"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row rowtop">
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<td colspan="3">
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<p><a href="c.html"><span style="font-size: 2em;">C 参考手册</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: 0.8em;">C89, C95, C99, <a href="c-11.html">C11</a>, <a href="c-17.html">C17</a>, <a href="c-23.html">C23</a></span></p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row">
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<td>
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<p><b><a href="c-language.html">语言</a></b></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p><a href="c-language-basic_concepts.html">基本概念</a><br />
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<a href="c-keyword.html">关键词</a><br />
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<a href="c-preprocessor.html">预处理器</a><br />
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<a href="c-language-expressions.html">表达式</a><br />
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<a href="c-language-declarations.html">声明</a><br />
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<a href="c-language-initialization.html">初始化</a><br />
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<a href="c-language-functions.html">函数</a><br />
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<a href="c-language-statements.html">语句</a><br /></p>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="c-header.html">头文件</a></b></p>
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</td>
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<td>
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<p><b><a href="c-types.html">类型支持</a></b></p>
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<p><b><a href="c-program.html">程序工具</a></b></p>
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<p><b><a href="c-variadic.html">变参数函数</a></b></p>
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<p><b><a href="c-error.html">错误处理</a></b></p>
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<p><b><a href="c-memory.html">动态内存管理</a></b></p>
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<p><b><a href="c-chrono.html">日期和时间工具</a></b></p>
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<p><b><a href="c-string.html">字符串库</a></b></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p>以空字符结尾的字符串：<br />
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<a href="c-string-byte.html">字节</a> − <a href="c-string-multibyte.html">多字节</a> − <a href="c-string-wide.html">宽</a></p>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="c-algorithm.html">算法</a></b></p>
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</td>
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<td>
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<p><b><a href="c-numeric.html">数值</a></b></p>
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<div class="mainpagediv">
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<p><a href="c-numeric-math.html">常用数学函数</a><br />
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<a href="c-numeric-fenv.html">浮点环境</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(C99)</span><br />
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<a href="c-numeric-random.html">伪随机数生成</a><br />
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<a href="c-numeric-complex.html">复数算术</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(C99)</span><br />
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<a href="c-numeric-tgmath.html">泛型数学</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(C99)</span></p>
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</div>
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<p><b><a href="c-io.html">输入/输出支持</a></b></p>
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<p><b><a href="c-locale.html">本地化支持</a></b></p>
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<p><b><a href="c-atomic.html">原子操作库</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></p>
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<p><b><a href="c-thread.html">线程支持库</a></b> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row">
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<td colspan="3"><b><a href="c-experimental.html">技术规范</a></b>
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