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<section id="string-conversion-and-formatting">
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<span id="string-conversion"></span><h1>字符串转换与格式化<a class="headerlink" href="#string-conversion-and-formatting" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<p>用于数字转换和格式化字符串输出的函数</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="c.PyOS_snprintf">
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int <code class="sig-name descname">PyOS_snprintf</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>char<em> *str</em>, size_t<em> size</em>, const char<em> *format</em>, ...<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyOS_snprintf" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>根据格式字符串 <em>format</em> 和额外参数，输出不超过 <em>size</em> 个字节到 <em>str</em>。 参见 Unix 手册页面 <em class="manpage"><a class="manpage reference external" href="https://manpages.debian.org/snprintf(3)">snprintf(3)</a></em>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="c.PyOS_vsnprintf">
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int <code class="sig-name descname">PyOS_vsnprintf</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>char<em> *str</em>, size_t<em> size</em>, const char<em> *format</em>, va_list<em> va</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyOS_vsnprintf" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>根据格式字符串 <em>format</em> 和变量参数列表 <em>va</em>，输出不超过 <em>size</em> 个字节到 <em>str</em>。 参见 Unix 手册页面 <em class="manpage"><a class="manpage reference external" href="https://manpages.debian.org/vsnprintf(3)">vsnprintf(3)</a></em>。</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyOS_snprintf" title="PyOS_snprintf"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyOS_snprintf()</span></code></a> 和 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyOS_vsnprintf" title="PyOS_vsnprintf"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyOS_vsnprintf()</span></code></a> 包装 C 标准库函数 <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">snprintf()</span></code> 和 <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">vsnprintf()</span></code> 。它们的目的是保证在极端情况下的一致行为，而标准 C 的函数则不然。</p>
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<p>包装器会确保 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str[size-1]</span></code> 在返回时始终为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\0'</span></code>。 它们从不写入超过 <em>size</em> 个字节 (包括末尾的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\0'</span></code>) 到字符串。 两个函数都要求 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">size</span> <span class="pre">></span> <span class="pre">0</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">format</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。</p>
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<p>如果平台没有 <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">vsnprintf()</span></code> 而且缓冲区大小需要避免截断超出 <em>size</em> 512 字节以上，Python 会以一个 <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#c.Py_FatalError" title="Py_FatalError"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_FatalError()</span></code></a> 来中止。</p>
|
||
<p>这些函数的返回值（ <em>rv</em> ）应按照以下规则被解释：</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
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||
<li><p>当 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">rv</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">size</span></code> 时，输出转换即成功并将 <em>rv</em> 个字符写入到 <em>str</em> (不包括末尾 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str[rv]</span></code> 位置的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\0'</span></code> 字节)。</p></li>
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||
<li><p>当 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rv</span> <span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">size</span></code> 时，输出转换会被截断并且需要一个具有 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rv</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code> 字节的缓冲区才能成功执行。 在此情况下 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str[size-1]</span></code> 为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\0'</span></code>。</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>当 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rv</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">0</span></code> 时，"会发生不好的事情。" 在此情况下 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str[size-1]</span></code> 也为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\0'</span></code>，但 <em>str</em> 的其余部分是未定义的。 错误的确切原因取决于底层平台。</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>以下函数提供与语言环境无关的字符串到数字转换。</p>
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<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyOS_string_to_double">
|
||
double <code class="sig-name descname">PyOS_string_to_double</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *s</em>, char<em> **endptr</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *overflow_exception</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyOS_string_to_double" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>将字符串 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">s</span></code> 转换为 <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code> 类型，失败时引发Python异常。接受的字符串的集合对应于被 Python 的 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#float" title="float"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float()</span></code></a> 构造函数接受的字符串的集合，除了 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">s</span></code> 必须没有前导或尾随空格。转换必须独立于当前的区域。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">endptr</span></code> 是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> ，转换整个字符串。引发 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> 并且 返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1.0</span></code> 如果字符串不是浮点数的有效的表达方式。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">endptr</span></code> 不是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> ，尽可能多的转换字符串并将 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*endptr</span></code> 设置为指向第一个未转换的字符。如果字符串的初始段不是浮点数的有效的表达方式，将 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*endptr</span></code> 设置为指向字符串的开头，引发 ValueError 异常，并且返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1.0</span></code> 。</p>
|
||
<p>如果 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">s</span></code> 表示一个太大而不能存储在一个浮点数中的值（比方说， <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"1e500"</span></code> 在许多平台上是一个字符串）然后如果 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">overflow_exception</span></code> 是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> 返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_HUGE_VAL</span></code> （用适当的符号）并且不设置任何异常。 在其他方面， <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">overflow_exception</span></code> 必须指向一个 Python 异常对象；引发异常并返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1.0</span></code> 。在这两种情况下，设置 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*endptr</span></code> 指向转换值之后的第一个字符。</p>
|
||
<p>如果在转换期间发生任何其他错误（比如一个内存不足的错误），设置适当的 Python 异常并且返回 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1.0</span></code> 。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.1 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyOS_double_to_string">
|
||
char* <code class="sig-name descname">PyOS_double_to_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>double<em> val</em>, char<em> format_code</em>, int<em> precision</em>, int<em> flags</em>, int<em> *ptype</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyOS_double_to_string" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>转换 <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code> <em>val</em> 为一个使用 <em>format_code</em>， <em>precision</em> 和 <em>flags</em> 的字符串</p>
|
||
<p><em>格式码</em> 必须是以下其中之一, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'e'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'E'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'f'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'F'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'g'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'G'</span></code> 或者 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'r'</span></code>。对于 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'r'</span></code> , 提供的 <em>精度</em> 必须是0。<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'r'</span></code> 格式码指定了标准函数 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#repr" title="repr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code></a> 格式。</p>
|
||
<p><em>flags</em> 可以为零或者其他值 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DTSF_SIGN</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DTSF_ADD_DOT_0</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DTSF_ALT</span></code> 或其组合：</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DTSF_SIGN</span></code> 表示总是在返回的字符串前附加一个符号字符，即使 <em>val</em> 为非负数。</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DTSF_ADD_DOT_0</span></code> 表示确保返回的字符串看起来不像是一个整数。</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DTSF_ALT</span></code> 表示应用 "替代的" 格式化规则。 相关细节请参阅 <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyOS_snprintf" title="PyOS_snprintf"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyOS_snprintf()</span></code></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'#'</span></code> 定义文档。</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>如果 <em>ptype</em> 不为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>，则它指向的值将被设为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DTST_FINITE</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DTST_INFINITE</span></code> 或 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DTST_NAN</span></code> 中的一个，分别表示 <em>val</em> 是一个有限数字、无限数字或非数字。</p>
|
||
<p>返回值是一个指向包含转换后字符串的 <em>buffer</em> 的指针，如果转换失败则为 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>。 调用方要负责调用 <a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_Free" title="PyMem_Free"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Free()</span></code></a> 来释放返回的字符串。</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.1 新版功能.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyOS_stricmp">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyOS_stricmp</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *s1</em>, const char<em> *s2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyOS_stricmp" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>字符串不区分大小写。该函数几乎与 <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strcmp()</span></code> 的工作方式相同，只是它忽略了大小写。</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="function">
|
||
<dt id="c.PyOS_strnicmp">
|
||
int <code class="sig-name descname">PyOS_strnicmp</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *s1</em>, const char<em> *s2</em>, Py_ssize_t <em> size</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyOS_strnicmp" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>字符串不区分大小写。该函数几乎与 <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strncmp()</span></code> 的工作方式相同，只是它忽略了大小写。</p>
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