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<section id="using-the-python-interpreter">
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<span id="tut-using"></span><h1><span class="section-number">2. </span>使用 Python 的解释器<a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-python-interpreter" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
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<section id="invoking-the-interpreter">
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<span id="tut-invoking"></span><h2><span class="section-number">2.1. </span>唤出解释器<a class="headerlink" href="#invoking-the-interpreter" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Python 解释器在其被使用的机器上通常安装为 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/bin/python3.8</span></code>;将 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/bin</span></code> 加入你的 Unix 终端的搜索路径就可以通过键入以下命令来启动它:</p>
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<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python3.8
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</pre></div>
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<p>这样,就可以在 shell 中运行 Python 了 <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id2" id="id1">1</a> 。因为可以选择安装目录,解释器也有可能安装在别的位置;如果还不明白,就去问问身边的 Python 大神或系统管理员。(例如,常见备选路径还有 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/python</span></code>。)</p>
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<p>在 Windows 机器上当你从 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/windows.html#windows-store"><span class="std std-ref">Microsoft Store</span></a> 安装 Python 之后,<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python3.8</span></code> 命令将可使用。 如果你安装了 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/windows.html#launcher"><span class="std std-ref">py.exe 启动器</span></a>,你将可以使用 <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py</span></code> 命令。 参阅 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/windows.html#setting-envvars"><span class="std std-ref">附录:设置环境变量</span></a> 了解其他启动 Python 的方式。</p>
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<p>在主提示符中,输入文件结束符(Unix 里是 <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control-D</kbd>,Windows 里是 <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control-Z</kbd>),就会退出解释器,退出状态码为 0。如果不能退出,还可以输入这个命令:<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quit()</span></code>。</p>
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<p>在支持 <a class="reference external" href="https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html">GNU Readline</a> 库的系统中,解释器的行编辑功能包括交互式编辑、历史替换、代码补全等。检测是否支持命令行编辑最快速的方式是,在首次出现 Python 提示符时,输入 <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control-P</kbd>。听到“哔”提示音,说明支持行编辑;请参阅附录 <a class="reference internal" href="interactive.html#tut-interacting"><span class="std std-ref">交互式编辑和编辑历史</span></a>,了解功能键。如果没有反应,或回显了 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">^P</span></code>,则说明不支持行编辑;只能用退格键删除当前行的字符。</p>
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<p>解释器的操作方式类似 Unix Shell:用与 tty 设备关联的标准输入调用时,可以交互式地读取和执行命令;以文件名参数,或标准输入文件调用时,则读取并执行文件中的 <em>脚本</em>。</p>
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<p>启动解释器的另一种方式是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-c</span> <span class="pre">command</span> <span class="pre">[arg]</span> <span class="pre">...</span></code>,这与 shell 的 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-c</span></code></a> 选项类似,其中,<em>command</em> 需换成要执行的语句。由于 Python 语句经常包含空格等被 shell 特殊对待的字符,一般情况下,建议用单引号标注整个 <em>command</em>。</p>
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<p>Python 模块也可以当作脚本使用。输入:<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">module</span> <span class="pre">[arg]</span> <span class="pre">...</span></code>,会执行 <em>module</em> 的源文件,这跟在命令行把路径写全了一样。</p>
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<p>在交互模式下运行脚本文件,只要在脚本名称参数前,加上选项 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-i"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-i</span></code></a> 就可以了。</p>
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<p>命令行的所有选项详见 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#using-on-general"><span class="std std-ref">命令行与环境</span></a>。</p>
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<section id="argument-passing">
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<span id="tut-argpassing"></span><h3><span class="section-number">2.1.1. </span>传入参数<a class="headerlink" href="#argument-passing" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h3>
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<p>解释器读取命令行参数,把脚本名与其他参数转化为字符串列表存到 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code> 模块的 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argv</span></code> 变量里。执行 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">sys</span></code>,可以导入这个模块,并访问该列表。该列表最少有一个元素;未给定输入参数时,<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> 是空字符串。给定脚本名是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-'</span></code> (标准输入)时,<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> 是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-'</span></code>。使用 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-c</span></code></a> <em>command</em> 时,<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> 是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-c'</span></code>。如果使用选项 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-m"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code></a> <em>module</em>,<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> 就是包含目录的模块全名。解释器不处理 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-c</span></code></a> <em>command</em> 或 <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-m"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code></a> <em>module</em> 之后的选项,而是直接留在 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code> 中由命令或模块来处理。</p>
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</section>
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<section id="interactive-mode">
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<span id="tut-interactive"></span><h3><span class="section-number">2.1.2. </span>交互模式<a class="headerlink" href="#interactive-mode" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h3>
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<p>在终端(tty)输入并执行指令时,解释器在 <em>交互模式(interactive mode)</em> 中运行。在这种模式中,会显示 <em>主提示符</em>,提示输入下一条指令,主提示符通常用三个大于号(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>>></span></code>)表示;输入连续行时,显示 <em>次要提示符</em>,默认是三个点(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">...</span></code>)。进入解释器时,首先显示欢迎信息、版本信息、版权声明,然后才是提示符:</p>
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<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>python3.8
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<span class="go">Python 3.8 (default, Sep 16 2015, 09:25:04)</span>
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<span class="go">[GCC 4.8.2] on linux</span>
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<span class="go">Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.</span>
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<span class="go">>>></span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>输入多行架构的语句时,要用连续行。以 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#if"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code></a> 为例:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">the_world_is_flat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">the_world_is_flat</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Be careful not to fall off!"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="gp">...</span>
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<span class="go">Be careful not to fall off!</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>交互模式的内容详见 <a class="reference internal" href="appendix.html#tut-interac"><span class="std std-ref">交互模式</span></a>。</p>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section id="the-interpreter-and-its-environment">
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<span id="tut-interp"></span><h2><span class="section-number">2.2. </span>解释器的运行环境<a class="headerlink" href="#the-interpreter-and-its-environment" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
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<section id="source-code-encoding">
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<span id="tut-source-encoding"></span><h3><span class="section-number">2.2.1. </span>源文件的字符编码<a class="headerlink" href="#source-code-encoding" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h3>
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<p>默认情况下,Python 源码文件的编码是 UTF-8。这种编码支持世界上大多数语言的字符,可以用于字符串字面值、变量、函数名及注释 —— 尽管标准库只用常规的 ASCII 字符作为变量名或函数名,可移植代码都应遵守此约定。要正确显示这些字符,编辑器必须能识别 UTF-8 编码,而且必须使用支持文件中所有字符的字体。</p>
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<p>如果不使用默认编码,则要声明文件的编码,文件的 <em>第一</em> 行要写成特殊注释。句法如下:</p>
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||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># -*- coding: encoding -*-</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>其中,<em>encoding</em> 可以是 Python 支持的任意一种 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/codecs.html#module-codecs" title="codecs: Encode and decode data and streams."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codecs</span></code></a>。</p>
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<p>比如,声明使用 Windows-1252 编码,源码文件要写成:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># -*- coding: cp1252 -*-</span>
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||
</pre></div>
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||
</div>
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<p><em>第一行</em> 的规则也有一种例外情况,源码以 <a class="reference internal" href="appendix.html#tut-scripts"><span class="std std-ref">UNIX "shebang" 行</span></a> 开头。此时,编码声明要写在文件的第二行。例如:</p>
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||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span>
|
||
<span class="c1"># -*- coding: cp1252 -*-</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
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|
||
<p class="rubric">备注</p>
|
||
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|
||
<dt class="label" id="id2"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">1</a></span></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Unix 系统中,为了不与同时安装的 Python 2.x 冲突,Python 3.x 解释器默认安装的执行文件名不是 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span></code>。</p>
|
||
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|
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